57. In astronomy the term "red shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spec­trum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.
(A)  to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
(B)   to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted
(C)  that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
(D)  of light from a distant galaxy shifting
(E)   of the shift of light from a distant galaxy
 
1.被动语态：(一级排除B,D,E）
 有 by …. 是被动语态的标志。
所有的选项都受到 by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the earth. 的影响。
 
2. 习语：(二级排除C）
denote the extent to …
In C, the construction the extent that light is ungrammatical; denotes the extent must be completed by to which.