世贸有"成员"。关贸总协定有"缔约方",强调了关贸总协定正式而言是一个法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
关贸总协定管的是货物贸易,世贸还管服务贸易和知识产权。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世贸争端解决体系较关贸总协定更迅速,更主动,其裁决不受阻挠。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知识点:
国民待遇——给予外国人和本国人一样的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
诸边协议——指几个世贸成员之间,而非全体成员之间签署的协议,如《民用航空器协议》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采购协议》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO历任总干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland) GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得·萨瑟兰 (爱尔兰),1993-1994年(GATT),1995年(WTO)
Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999
雷纳托·鲁杰罗 (意大利) 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore (Australia) 1999-2001
现任: 迈克·穆尔 (澳大利亚) 1999-2001年
综合支持总量——是计算成员对于农业支持量(这种支持是要削减的)的一种计算方法,算出他们在1986-1988年基期,每年给农业部门的支持量。发达国家同意从1995年起,用6年时间将这些数字减少20%。发展中国家用10年时间削减13%。最不发达国家不用削减。
"Total aggregate measurement of support" or "Total AMS"—— a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持(de minimis support)——
WTO成员对于农业的一种支持,属黄箱(yellow box)政策,不用被削减。因为它对农业的影响很小。据世贸的《农业协定》(Agreement on Agriculture)对于发达国家而言,微量支持水平(de minimis level)为不超过一种产品生产总值的5%,对于非特定产品支持,为农业生产总值的5%;对于发展中国家,微量支持水平的最大值是10%。
