9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
10.Sequential rules例子
If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:
 
⑴the first phoneme must be /s/
⑵the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/
⑶the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w
11.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone
三、问答题
1.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound?
Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.
Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.
发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。
听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。
声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。
2.how are the English consonants classified?
  By place of articulation and By manner of articulation
3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? why?
语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?
Phonetics —description  of all speech sounds and their find differences.
Phonology —description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish  meaning.
A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning.
4.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?
Phone—a speech sound ,a phonetic unit.
Phoneme---a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.
Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要?
Minimal pair—two sound combinations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position.
除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.
Minimal set—a group of sound combinations with the above feature.
一组具有上述特征的语音组合.
By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes.
通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位.
6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?
  Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.
  Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.
7.explain the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.
有序规则Sequential rules 
Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
同化规则Assimilation rules
The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
省略规则Deletion rule
It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.
Chapter Three Morphology
一、定义
1.词素Morpheme
 The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language.
2.自由词素Free Morpheme
  Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
3.黏着词素Bound morphemes
  Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.
4.词根Root
  Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
5.词缀Affix
  The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
6.曲折词缀inflectional affixes
  The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.
7.派生词缀Derivational affixes
 The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes.
8.词干Stem
  A stem is  the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
9.形态学规则Morphological rules
  They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.
10.前缀Prefix
  Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes ‘be-‘ and ‘en(m)-‘
11.后缀Suffix
  Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 3.In using the morphological rules, we must guard against Over-generalization.
二、知识点   
                    Inflectional morphology
1.Morphology                    
                    Derivational morphology          
                    Free morphemes
Morphemes                             Root
                 Bound morphemes           Inflectional affixes     
                                             Affixes                                  Prefix
                                                          Derivational affixes  
2.some words maybe said to contain a root morpheme.             Suffix
4.Compound features:
⑴orthographically, a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.
⑵Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.
⑶semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its component