8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more．
　　9． The phrase，the King’s English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes． The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people．
　　10． There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class．
　　11． There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal．We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself．
　　12． Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard，formal English all the time in their conversation．

V． See the translation of the text．

Ⅵ•
　　1. on the rocks： metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks
　　2． get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”． It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．)
　　3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring． It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．
　　4． turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for
　　5． into the shoes： metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)， think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i． e． as if one were a Saxon peasant
　　6 come into one’s own： receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition65
　　7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice of

Ⅶ．
　　1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如 an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如 ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏； uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。
　　2．scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑；sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意：jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲 笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。

Ⅷ．
　　conversation(communication)，intercourse，com，commerce．intercommunication，dealings，traffic，exchange，interchange，correspondence，truck，etc

Ⅸ．
　　uncomplicated，uninvolved，simple，plain，unmixed，unmingled．uncombined，unsophisticated，straight，elementary etc．

Ⅹ．
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　　The following words are all borrowed from French：
1．冷餐2．烹调 3．柠檬汁4．烈性甜酒 5．早餐／午餐 6．菜谱 7．沙龙／客厅 8．晚会 9．景泰蓝 10煎鸡蛋 11．餐馆老板 12．保留节目，全部节目全部技能 13政变 14．芭蕾舞团 15．随员 16．连音／连络 17记忆错觉／回忆 幻想 18．再来一次 19．放流行歌曲唱片的夜总会 20枝 形吊灯

Ⅺ．
　　1．No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting.
　　2. It is not a matter of interest if they are cross or in a bad temper.
　　3. Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.
　　4. Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place.
　　5. The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting.
　　6. We ought to think as the Saxon peasants did at that time.
　　7. The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.
　　8. I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries.
　　9. Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.
　　10. We would never have talked about Australia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest.

Ⅻ.
　　Coherence and unity can be enhanced by continuity in the paragraph. Continuity gives writing a sense of smoothness. Good organization is essential for continuity, because the clear, logical arrangement makes the order of thought easy to follow. But good transitions also help to make the writing smooth. The three common transitional devices are: pronoun reference, repetition of important words, and transitional expression. The two paragraphs in the exercises employ these three methods to establish continuity and so improve coherence and unity of the paragraphs.
　　Paragraph 1
　　1) Transitional words and expressions: for instance, on the other hand
　　2) Pronoun reference. we (referring back to teen-agers), us, our, us, us, our, us, our, us, us
　　3) Repetition of important words: teen-agers, teen-years, teen-agers, teens
　　Paragraph 2
　　1) Transitional words and expressions: As of today, After that, Then, for instance, even that
　　2) Pronoun reference :I, my, I, myself, I, I, me, my, I, I
　　3) Repetition of important words. food (and names of different kinds of food)

ⅩⅢ. Omitted.

ⅩⅣ. Peculiarities of Spoken English
　　The peculiarities of spoken English, in my opinion, become apparent in contrast with those of written English. First, in spoken English, people tend to use small and simple words, and since they have little time to think about the use of proper or exact words, they may fail to convey their feelings or thoughts effectively. And when they cannot think of anything to say, they may use mouth-fillings such as "you know", "I think", etc. While writing, people are generally allowed enough time to think of the choice of words and they can usual- ly express themselves successfully. Secondly, when spoken English used, people may use many broken sentences or other ungrammatical ones due to the limit of time. While writing, however, people seldom make similar mistakes unless they are not well-educated enough. Finally, when speaking, people may move from one idea to another casually and the speech can not be well organized. When it comes to the use of pen, people usually pay much attention to the structure or the whole passage.