MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(12-1)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
Passage Twelve
It is an everyday observation that animals are born,
grow, and mature then begin to lose some of their
capabilities, and finally die. This loss of capabilities is
progressive, irreversible, and common for all members of a
species and is called aging. In humans it shows in many
ways, some very visible: decline in height, shrinkage of
muscle, thinning and graying of hair, and wrinkling of
skin. Internally, andeven more significantly, there is a
progressive loss of cells in the brain, kidneys, and other
vital organs.This cell loss has resulted in stoppage of a
vital process. Whatever the reason, important tissues
ranging from the muscles to the brain shrink and become
less competent with age. Many of these changes are
reflected in functional declines. Not only do nerve cells
at levels from the brain to the spinal cord diminish,but
also those that remain conduct impulses at a slower rate so
that the reaction time of the older animal is slowed.
Memory often shows a decline.
Another widespread decline is in the loss of cells
involved in the hearing process. The loss is most marked
for high pitches and may require the assistance of a
battery-operated hearing aid. More subtle are such declines
as those in the processes involved with being immune to
disease, which result in a lessened ability of the older
organism to cope with intection. Indeed, pneumonia(肺炎) is
one of the most common causes of death among the elderly
population of most nations.
Mixed with true aging processes are disease processes
that may be so common as to be mistaken for aging. For
instance, the buildup of deposits of fatty materials in
arteries (动脉) tends to be progressive with aging;
everything else being equal, the nanowing of arteries
results in such serious illnesses as stroke or heart
attack, occurring with increasing frequency as an
individual ages.
It is now recognized that atherosclerosis(动脉硬化)
is the result of many factors, not only genetic but also
environmental high blood pressure, high saturated-fat
diets, and smoking, the effects of which become more
obvious with the passage of time. It is therefore an age-
related, but not a universal aging, process and can thus
usually be controlled.
1. As far as aging is concerned,
[ A ] the changes inside human bodies are more
important than exterior changes
[ BI the loss of competence is more significant than
that of cells
[ C ] the shrinkage of muscles is more significant than
the decline in height
[ D] the thinning of hair is less important than the
wrinkling of skin
2. Which of the following is a functional decline?
[A] The reduction in brain nerve cells. [B] The
decline in memory.
[ C ] The loss of cells in bearing process. [ D ]
The shrinkage in muscle tissue.
3. Pneumonia is closely related to
[ A] the decline in cells of the spinal chord [ B ]
the slower rate of reaction
[ C ] the decline in the immune system [ D ] the
loss of cells in kidneys
4. It is agreed that a person is more likely to suffer
from atherosclerosis
[Al as he becomes older
[ B ] if his immune system does not work properly
[C] when the cells of his brain and spinal cord decline
[D] when the cells in his kidneys decline in number
参考答案:
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
通过日常观察(observation)可以发现:动物出生(born)后开始发育(grow)、成熟(mature),然后开始丧失一些能力(capability),最后死去。对于一个物种(species)的所有成员来说,这种能力丧失是逐渐的、不可逆转的(irreversible),也是普遍的(comnlon),被人们称为衰老(aging)。在人类社会,能力的丧失以多种形式表露出来,其中有些非常明显(visible),比如:身材变矮、肌肉(muscle)萎缩(shrinkage)、头发变稀、变白、皮肤起皱(wrinkle)等等。更重要的是,在人体内部,大脑、肾脏(kidney)和其他一些重要器官(organ)中细胞(cell)的逐渐丧失。这种细胞的丧失导致一个重要过程的停止(stoppage)。无论是什么原因,从肌肉到大脑的重要组织(“SStle)开始萎缩,随着年龄的增长,这些组织越来越起不了作用。许多这样的变化反映在功能(functional)的衰退(decline)上。不仅从大脑到脊髓(spinalcord)各个部位的神经细胞在减少(diminish),而且那些残留的细胞以更低的频率(rate)产生动力,使得年老动物的反应(reaction)速度减缓。记忆通常表现出—F降的趋势。
另一个普遍的(widespread)衰退就是听力过程中细胞的丧失(loss)。这种丧失对高音调最明显,可能需要一种用电池的助听器帮助。更微妙(subtle)的是,这样的衰退同那些对疾病的免疫(immune)过程中的衰退一样,会导致年老的生物抗感染(infection.)能力的下降。事实上,肺炎(pneumonia)是导致大多数国家老年人死亡的最普遍原因之一。
与真正的衰老过程密不可分的是患病过程(disease process),这些过程可能太普通,结果被误认为是衰老过程。比如,动脉(artery)中的油脂沉淀物(deposit)往往随着人的衰老而逐渐增加;假如其他一切情况不变的话,动脉缩小会导致人们易患中风(stroke)或心脏病(heart attack)这样的严重疾病,这些疾病的发病率随着人的衰老而增高。
现在,人们已经认识到:动脉硬化(arteriosclerosis)是由许多原因造成的,不仅有遗传(genetic)原因,而且有环境产生的高血压(high blood pressure)、饱和脂肪(saturated-fat)含量高的饮食、吸烟等原因;随着时间的流逝,这些原因变得更加明显(obvious)。因此,动脉硬化是——个与年龄有关的age-related)过程,而不是一个普遍的(universal)衰老过程,所以它通常是可以控制的。
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
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