MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(13-1)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
There is a general agreement that the likely
socializing effe~ts of television require special
precautions, particularly in the case of children and young
people. The measures can be divided into two groups, one
negative, the other positive.
The negative measures take two forms. The first is the
absolute prohibition of certain kinds of programming, a ban
on such things as incitement to racial hatred. The second
reflects an attempt to make the viewing of certain kinds of
programs difficult for children, such as those portraying
violence. One approach is through the so-called family
viewing policy which restricts such programs to the time of
a day when children are less likely to be watching.
Difficulties of definition occur again and, in countries
where freedom of communication is virtually absolute (the
United States), the proscriptions are milder than in
countries( Germany and the United Kingdom) where it is more
natural to restrict freedom of communica tion in the
‘interest of other values.
The enforcement of these rules is difficult since, in
this case too, the language used is not easily translated
into practice, and, moreover, there is a well-founded risk
that they might be used to suppress contents which are, for
other reasons, undesired. There has been vigorous
opposition, particularly in commercial broadcasting circles, to the imposition of specific programming
obligations. It seems that programs permeated with violence
are more appealing to viewers than other kinds of program;
advertising-financed schedules, clependent upon high viewer
ratings, make particularly intensive use of violence as a
dramatic toot.
The more heated the battle for ratings, the smaller
the chance for the observance of the corresponding duties.
Whereas the mass-orientated programs of the larger
commercial operators directed at all segments of the
population observed a certain degree of restraint, some
cable operators have virtually specialized in filling a
self-created gap in the market wi. th violent and
pornographic materials. Operating on the questionable
assumption that children do not have access to such
channels or will be restrained from watching by their
parents, the supervisory authorities tend to apply little pressure. However, there are differences in attitudes to be
observed; the most consistent supervision appears to be
exercised in Britain and Germany.
Children are large-scale consumers of television,
their use of it declines as they become a little older.
Positive measures for their protection include the
provision of programs designed for them, age-group by age-
group, and intended to produce prosocial effects. While the
public broadcasters have produced some remarkable programs
for children, it has been less easy to encourage private
broadcasters to follow their lead. In the course of time,
such programs were shifted to less desirable time-slots and
then dropped altogether. Advertisers have little interest
in educative programs for children.
1. Which of the following statements can best represent the
authors viewpoint expressed in the passage?
[ A ] More special precautions should be taken against
the likely socializing effects of television on children
and young people.
[ B ] The suggested protective measures are not at all
effective in the prohibition of TV programs with violent
and pornographic materials.
[ C ] There exist great difficulties in carrying out
protective measurers to protect children and young people
from being influenced by TV programs.
[ D] Positive measuresare more likely to be successful
in encouraging TV broadcasters to produce instructive
programs for children than negative ones.
2. The word" proscription" ( Para 2 ) most probably means
[ A ] prescription [ B ] prohibition [ C ] protection [ D ] program
3. Commercial broadcasting circles vigorously oppose
specific programming obligations imposed upon them because
they are afraid the fulfillment of the obligations will
[ A ] cause heated battles for viewer ratings
[ B ] reduce the chance for the observance of duties
[C ] make more programs permeated with violence
[D ] bring down the viewer ratings
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph, positive
measures can oblige
[ A] public broadcasters to produce programs of
prosocial significance, which have long-term effects
[ B ] public broadcasters to produce programs of
prosocial significance, which have short-term effects
[ C ] private broadcasters to produce programs of
prosocial significance, which have long-term effects
[ D] private broadcasters to produce programs of
prosocial significance, which have short-term effects
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
人们普遍认为:需要采取特别的预防(precaution)措施防止电视可能产生的社会(socializing)影响,尤其是要防止对青少年产生的影响。措施(measure)可以分为两类:一种是消极的(negalive),另一种是积极的(positive)。
消极措施有两种形式(form)。第一种是绝对禁止(prohibition)某些节目的播出,禁止(ban)如煽动种族仇恨(racialhatred)的节目播出。第二种表现为一种企图——使儿童难以观看某些节目,比如那些渲染暴力(violence)的节目。一种方法(approach)是通过采取所谓的家庭节目观看审查制度,把节目限制到一天中儿童不可能观看的时间播出。这又引发了定义(definition)问题,实际上,与那些为了其他价值的利益而限制(restrict)传播自由更实际的国家(比如德国和英国)相比,禁止在那些有绝对传播(communication)自由(freedom)的国家(比如美国),更适度。
执行(enforcement)这些措施也困难,因为即使是这样,书面语言也不容易付诸(translate)于实践(practice);此外,还有一种有根据的(well-founded)风险——因为其他原因,这些措施可能被用来禁止播放那些不受欢迎的节目。人们一直激烈(vigorous)反对(opposition)强加(imposition)于特殊节目的义务(obligation),在商业电视圈内尤其如此。带有暴力内容的电视节目似乎比其他节目更能吸引观众;而依靠高收视率的广告融资计划(advertising-financed schedule)尤其充分利用暴力内容作为吸引人的手段(t001)。
收视率大战越激烈,电视台履行相应义务(duty)的可能性就越小。尽管一些更大型商业台制作的是以集团为导向(mass-orientated)的节目,这些节目面向的是社会各阶层(segment)的人们,应该遵守(observe)一定程度的限制政策,但实际上,一些有线电视台用一些带有暴力和色情内容(pornographic material)的节目专门从事于填补市场上自我产生的空白。由于这些电台的运作基于这样的可疑(questionable)设想(assumption)——儿童不可能收看这些频道,或是父母会限制孩子收看这些频道,所以监管当局往往不给它们施加(apply)什么压力(pressure)。不过,对于如何遵守限制政策,人们的意见不一样;监管政策实施得最连惯的国家似乎是英国和德国。
儿童是观看电视节目的大群体,随着他们逐渐长大,他们观看电视的时间减少了。保护他们的积极措施包括:为他们提供以年龄段为标准而制作的节目,提供期望创造忠实于既定社会道德准则效应(effect)的节目。虽然公共电视台已经为儿童制作了一些优秀(remarkable)节目,但是鼓励(encourage)私人电视台也这样做却不太容易。随着时间的推移,这样的节目会被安排在不太理想的时间段(time-slot)播出,然后会完全消失(drop)。广告商对制作有教育意义(educative)的儿童节目没有什么兴趣。
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
(以上内容版权归中国MBA网拥有,未经许可,不得转载。-待续)
