MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(7-1)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
Passage seven
Much has been discussed about the reasons why
organisms age. Some have claimed that senescence is a
mechanism for culling the aged from the population to
prevent overcrowding. Others have believed aging to be the
unavoidable outcome of tissue metabolism. Still others have
felt the question of senescence to be largely irrelevant
since few wild organisms ever reach the senile stage.
Modern evolutionary theory has a rationale for senescence
which has a firm theoretical base: natural selection of
individuals.
One should be dubious of the claim that organisms
deteriorate with age as an inevitable outcome of living. A
valid theory of senescence must explain why different
species have different senescence rates. For example, why
salmon usually deteriorate rapidly and die after spawning,
t an age of two or three,while trees and tortoises may live
for hundreds of years without degenerating.
Senescence, in and of itself, can never help the
individual~ Darwinian fitness. All else being equal,an
organism~ chances of perpetuating its genes are better if
it is healthy rather than sick, alive rather than dead. If
senescence is to be compatible with natural selection,
there must be some concomitant benefit associated with it
that outweighs its disadvantage. Since Darwinian fitness is
measured by total reproduc-tion, the advantage must be that
senescence is inevitably tied up with reproductive effort.
Consider that all organisms have a finite probability
of dying of natural causes within any given time period.
This puts a premium on reproducing sooner rather than
later. In other words, an organism Dar-winian fitness tends
to be enhanced by not deferring reproduction till a later
time, for that organism might be killed or injured in the
interim. The degree of risk an organism is subject to
determine how much pres-sure there is to reproduce soon.
An insect, for example, may have a ten percent chance of
being killed each day; it is not surprising that insects
have high reproductive rates, and high rates of senescence.
Tortoises, on the other hand,have heavy shells which
presumably provide efficient protection against predation
and injury; because their mortality risk is low, they are
able to rely on lives and can defer reproduction until
times are most favorable. Their senescence rates are low.
If an organism is able to have more offspring as it
ages, it experiences an evolutionary pressure oppo-sing
that caused by mortality. In such cases, low senescence
rates are favored to take advantage of the in-creased
reproductive rate at future times. This theory would
predict that female fish which produce more eggs as they
grow older and larger would age at a slower rate than male
fish whose sperm production does not rise with size.
This line of reasoning suggests that when organisms
have little or no chance of reproducing, they tend to die
early as a result of physical degenerative changes called
senescence.
1. The authors main purpose in writing this passage is
[ A ] to demonstrate the validity of Darwins theory on
natural selection
[ B ] to investigate the effect of senescence on
Darwinian fitness
[ C ] to present various theories why organisms
deteriorate with age
[ D ] to suggest an explanation for varying rates of
senescence in different species
2. The author stresses in the passage that senescence
[ A ] is an inevitable process of physical
deterioration of an organism
[ B ] is totally determined by Darwinian fitness of an
organism
[ C ] is closely associated with the reproduction of an
organism
[ D ] makes no sense in terms of the theory of natural
selection
3. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by
the author?
[ A ] An organism who is able to have more offspring as
it grows older is expected to deteriorate faster.
[ B ] The less danger there is of an organism dying,
the less pressure on it for early reproduction.
[ C ] High reproductive rate and high senescence rate
are frequently linked in a species.
[ D ] It is more desirable for organisms to reproduce
at an early stage of life rather than at a later one in
terms of Darwinian fitness.
4. The word "culling" ( sentence 2, Para. 1 ) probably
refers to
[ A ] absorb [ B ] destroy [ C ] eliminate [ D ] add
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
针对生物(organism)为什么衰老(age)这个问题,人们已经探讨了许久。一些人声称:衰老(se—nescence)是从人群中剔除(cull)年老者以防止人口过剩(overcrowding)的一种机制(mechanism)。
其他人则认为:衰老是人体组织新陈代谢(metabolism)不可避免的(unavoidable)结果;还有其他人认为:很大程度上,衰老问题无关紧要(irrelevant),因为几乎没有野生动物的机体衰老过。现代进化理论(evolutionarytheory)对衰老的解释有一个基本原理(rationale),这个基本原理有坚实的理论基础(theoreticalbase:)——衰老是个体的自然选择(naturalselection)。
人们应该怀疑(dubiou)这样的说法:作为生存的一个不可避免的(inevitable)结果,生物随年龄的增长而退化(deteriorate)。一种有关衰老的正确理论应该解释为什么不同的物种(species)有不同的衰老率(senescencerate)。比如,在产完卵后(两岁或三岁时),鲑鱼为什么通常迅速退化而死去,而树和乌龟却可活几百年而不退化(degenerate)。
就其本身来说,衰老从来没能帮助人们理解过达尔文的适者生存理论。所有其他条件都均等时,假如一种生物健康而不是有病,是活的而不是死的,那么该生物维持其基因(gene)的机会就大一些。如果衰老要同自然选择(naturalselection)一致(compatible)』口么必定有一些伴随的优越之处与衰老相关的,这些优越之处掩盖(outweigh)了其不足(disadvantage)之处。因为达尔文的适者生存理论由总体繁殖(reproduction)来衡量,所以其优势必定是:衰老不可避免地同繁殖努力(reproductive effort)有关。
考虑一下:在任何特定时期内,所有生物都有可能死于自然因素(naturalcause),这种可能性是有限的。这种可能性尽量早而不是尽量晚地为繁殖(reproduce)提供了补偿(premium)。换句话说,达尔文的适者生存理论认为:一种生物往往通过尽早繁殖而得到强化(enhance),因为该生物可能会在过渡时期被杀死或受到伤害。一种生物易受的危害程度决定不久繁殖将承受的压力程度。
比如:一只昆虫每天可能有百分之十的机会被杀死;因此,昆虫的繁殖率高、衰老率高就不足为奇了。相反,乌龟有沉重的壳,这个壳可能为乌龟防止被捕食和受伤害提供了有效的(efficient)保护(protection);因为乌龟的死亡率低,所以它们能够依仗生命,它们能延迟繁殖,直到时机最有利(favorable)。它们的衰老率就低。
随着一种生物的衰老,如果它能繁殖更多后代(offspring),那么它就会经历一种进化(evolutionary)压力,这种压力同死亡(mortality)造成的压力相反。在这样的情况下,低衰老率将有助于利用已增强的繁殖率。这种理论预计:随着雌鱼体型更大、变得更老,它们会产更多的卵,它们的衰老速度比那些精子的生产不随其体型增大而增长的雄鱼要慢。
这种推理的原则暗示:当生物繁殖的机会很少或没有繁殖机会时,它们往往早死,这种自然退化转换的结果就叫衰老。
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
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