MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(4-1)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
Passage Four
Human relations have commanded people~ attention from
early times. The ways of people have been recorded in
innumerable myths, folk tales, novels, poems, plays and
philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a
human relationship may not be directly evident, the
complexity of feelings and ac- tions that can be
understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this
reason psychology holds a unique position among the
sciences.
"Intuitive" knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and
can significantly help us understand hu-man behavior,
whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge
is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of
scientific physics from our modem world, not only would we
not have cars and television sets, we might even find that
the ordinary person was unable to cope with the
fundamentally mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On
the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific
psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal
relation might easily be coped with and solved much as
before. We would still "know" how to avoid doing something
asked of us and how to get someone to a-gree with us; we
would still "know" when someone was angry and when someone
was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for
the "whys" of much of the selfs behavior and feelings. In
other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound
understanding of the self and of other people which,though
not formulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to
interact with others in more or less adap-tive ways.
Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in
psychology as compared with physics,accounts for this by
saying that "people were acquainted with practically all
territories of mental life a long time before the founding
of scientific psychology."
Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive,
commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science
of human relations has been one of the last to develop.
Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested.
One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing
illusions people have about them-selves, but we might ask
why people have always loved to read pessimistic, critical
writings, from Eccle-siastics to Freud. It has also been
proposed that just because we know so much about people
intuitively,there has been less incentive for studying them
scientifically: why should one develop a theory, carry out
systematic observations, or make predictions about the
obvious? In any case, the field of human rela-
tions, with its vast literary documentation but meager
scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of
physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific
books.
1. Which of the following claims supports the author~
statement that psychology holds a unique position a-mong
the sciences?
[ A ] The full significance of a human relationship is
evidently clear.
[ B ] Human feelings and actions are so complex that
hey are not readily coped with and solved.
[ C ] Psychology deals with human relations which can
be understood by commonsense knowledge.
[ D ] Psychology has much in common with physical
sciences with which we are all acquainted.
2. According to this passage, people~ commonsense knowledge
of human relations
[ A] is relatively primitive and is derived much from
physical sciences
[ B ] was considerably more sophisticated than before
the founding of scientific psychology
[ C ] is somewhat limited since it is not formulated or
vaguely conceived
[ D] is so well developed as to understand one~ own and
others behavior and feelings
3. Which of the following conclusions can we NOT draw from
the passage?
[ A ] Commonsense knowledge of human relations is
equally well developed among people withina giv-en society.
[ B ] Intuitive knowledge plays an important part in
understanding human relations.
[ C ] People tend to ignore scientific explanations of
human relations.
[ D ] The knowledge of scientific psychology is not as
important to people as the knowledge of physics.
4. The word "meager"(last sentence, last Para. ) most
probably means
[ A ] poor [ B ] dense [ C ] modest [ D ] proper
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
人际关系(humanrelation)很早就引起了人们的注意(attention)。无数的神话(myth)、民间传说(folktale)、小说(HOVe])、诗歌(poem)、剧本(play)和哲学论文(philosophicalessay)都记载了人的交往方式。人际关系的全部含义(significance)直接说来可能还不清晰,但令人惊讶的是,感情和—一瞥就可明白的行为交织在一起却十分复杂(complexity)。因此,在所有科学中,心理学(psychology)的地位(position)特别。
“直观”(intuitive)知识可能非常深刻,它可能非常有助于我们了解人们的行为(behavior);然而,在自然科学中,这样的常识(commonsenseknowledge)相对来说比较简单(primitive)。如果我们从现代社会中删除(erase)所有的物理学知识(scientific physics),我们将不仅不会有汽车和电视机,我们甚至还会发现一般人应付不了滑轮(pulley)和杠杆(1ever)这类基本的(fundamentaly)技术(mechanical)问题。相反,如果我们从现代社会中删除(remove)所有的心理学知识(scientific psy—chology),那么人际交往(interpersonal relation)中的问题可能像以前一样很容易应付、很容易处理。我们可能仍然“知道”如何避免做要求我们做的事情,“知道”如何让别人同意我们的观点;我们仍然会“了解”某人什么时候生气了、什么时候高兴了。人们甚至能对个体行为和感情的大多数原因作出合理的解释(explanation)。换句话说,普通人对他自己和其他人有非常全面、深刻(profound)的了解,这种了解虽然不怎么系统,或者只是模糊的想象(conceive),但却能使一个人或多或少地以恰当的(adaptive)方式同他人交往(interact)。在谈论心理学与物理学相比缺少重大发现这一点时,科勒解释说,“实际上,早在心理学创立(found)之前,人们就了解精神生活(mentallife)的所有
范畴(territory)。”
自相矛盾的是,虽然人们具有处理(grasp)人际关系的这些自然(natural)、直观的常识性能力(capacity),但是人际关系学却是最后才发展起来的科学之一。针对这种矛盾(paradox),人们已经提出了不同的解释。其中之一就是:科学会打破人们对他们自负、令人愉悦的幻想(illusion),但我们不禁要问,人为什么一直喜欢看《德训篇》和弗洛伊德的悲观(pessimistic)、讽刺(critical)作品?还有解释说,正是由于我们对人的直觉了解太多,所以我们没有科学地研究(study)这些直觉的动力(incentlve):对于显而易见之事,人们为什么要建立一种理论(theory)、进行系统的观察(system-atic observation)或是作一些预言(prediction)呢?无论如何,人际关系领域虽然有大量的(vast)学术文件(1iterarydocumentation),但是做的科学分析(treatment)却很少(meager),这同物理学领域很不一样,在物理学领域,很少有非科学(nonscientific)的文献。
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
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