绝密★启用前
英语模拟试题二
Questions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage:
Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes of our society. The Federal budget determines the proportion of Federal resources to be invested in social welfare programs and how these resources are distributed among competing programs. This budget is arrived at through a reiterative aggregative political process which mediates the claims of groups interested in health, education, welfare, and so on, thus socializing the continuing conflict generated by their separate aspirations. The test of whether a policy is “good” under this system is whether it can marshal（整理）sufficient legitimacy and consent to provide a basis for cohesion（结合）and action. Technical criteria（标准）may play a role in the process, but the ultimate criteria are political and social.
Whether a policy which is “good” in the aggregate sense is also “good” for a particular person, however, is a different matter. If everyone had identical attributes, these criteria of goodness would produce identical outcomes. With any degree of complexity or change, however, these criteria will always produce different outcomes. Any policy negotiated to attain an aggregate correctness will be wrong for every individual to whom the policy applies. The less a person conforms to the aggregate, the more wrong it will be.
When a policy is not working, we normally assume that the policy is right in form but wrong in content. It has failed because insufficient intelligence has informed its construction or insufficient energy its implementation. We proceed to replace the old policy by a new one of the same form. This buys time, since some time must elapse（流逝）before the new policy can fully display the same set of symptoms of failure as the old. We thus continue to invest our time, energy, and other resources as if every new discovery of a nonworking policy is a surprise, and a surprise that can be corrected with some reorganized model. But if policies based on complex, aggregated information are always wrong with respect to the preferences of every person to whom they apply, we should concentrate on limiting such policies to minima or “floors”. Rather than trying for better policies, we should try for fewer policies or more limited aggregated ones. Such limitations could be designed to produce! Policies as spare and minimal as possible, for the resources not consumed in their operation would then be usable in a non-aggregative and person-specific——that is, in a disaggregated fashion. This will require more than just strengthened “local” capacity; it will require the development of new procedures, institutions, roles, and expects.
55. Which of the following best states the central theme of the passage?
A. Policies designed to meet the needs of a large group of people are inherently imperfect and should be scaled down.
B. Policies created by the democratic process are less effective than policies designed by a single, concentrated body of authority.
C. The effectiveness of a social policy depends more upon the manner in which the policy is administered than upon its initial design.
D. Since policies created on the Federal level are inherently ineffective, all Federal social welfare programs should be discontinued.
56. According to the passage, the test of whether a policy is successful in the aggregate sense is whether or not it ______.
A. applies to a large number of people
B. satisfies the needs of the people to whom it applies
C. appeals to a sufficiently large number of people
D. can be revised periodically in response to changing conditions
57. The author places the word “good” in quotation marks in Paragraph 1 in order to ______.
A. emphasize that the word is ambiguous when applied to public policies
B. stress that no two people will agree on what is “good” and what is not
C. point out that the word can be applied to individuals but not to groups
D. remind the reader that the word is a technical term
58. The author regards the use of aggregative policies as ______.
A. enlightened but prohibitively expensive
B. undesirable but sometimes necessary
C. wasteful and open to corruption
D. essential and praiseworthy
参考答案：
Section IV Reading Comprehension
Part A
55. A 56. C 57. A 58. B
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