MBA入学英语阅读100篇精粹-参考译文及答案与详解(19-1)
网络资源 免费考研网/2009-01-16
Passage nineteen
It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the
differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in
the people of Japan and the United States. Americans divide
these areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh, the two
beings in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally
spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh
that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at
least between one as good and the other as evil. They
believe that a person has two souls, each necessary. One is
the "gentle soul; the other is the "rough" soul.
Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul; sometimes he
must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentle soul;
neither does he fight his rough soul. Human nature
in itself is good, Japanese philosophers insist, and a
human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He
has only to learn how to use each soul properly at
appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in
fulfilling ones obligations to others. Happy endings,
either in life or in fiction, are neither necessary nor
expected, since the fulfillment of duty provides the
satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty
includes a persons obligations to those who have confened
benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor.
He develops through this double sense of duty a self-
discipline which is atonce permissive and rigid, depending
upon the area in which it is functioning.
The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins
in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birth. A
Japanese child is given his own identity very early. If 1
were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese
toward their children I would put it iff one succinct word--
"respect." Love? Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed
from the moment he is put to his mothers breast. For
mother and child this nursing of her child is important
psychologically.
Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowed at the
right moment or an inexpensive toy. As the time comes to
enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer. To bring
shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child.
What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-
discipline? It lies, I think, in the fact that the aim of
all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are
repeated over and over, and continually practiced until
obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced
by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to
obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle
at first and tempered to the childs tender age. It is no
less gentle as time goes on, but certainly it is
increasingly inexorable.
Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect
upon what I learned there. What, I wonder,will take the
place of the web of love and discipline which for so many
centuries has sunounded the life and thinking of the
people of Japan?
1. According to Japanese belief, a child is born
[Al in sin
[ B ] amoral, neither good nor evil
[ C] with two souls which are in combat with one another
[D] basically good
2. Training of the Japanese child can best be described as
[ A] a system of rewards and punishments
[ B] frequent disciplining which becomes inexorably more
severe as the child grows older
[ C ] benevolent and indulgent during the early yeais,
but somewhat more severe as the child grows older
[ D ] almost entirely psychological
3. In the teaching of self-discipline the Japanese
emphasize ____.
IA] establishment of habits by repeating the rules
[ B ] early tolerant training combined with restrictive
movement
[C] heavy external control including both verbal and
physical panishment
[ D ] a permissive atmosphere almost until puberty
4. The Japanese idea of virtue is
[A] limiting the "rough" soul to permit ascendancy of
the "gentle" soul
[BI fulfilling ones obligation to others
[C] doing good and avoiding evil
[ D] being friendly and courteous to ali people
[参考译文及重点词汇再现]
仔细考虑(reflect)一下日本人和美国人在道德感(moral feeling)和道德水平(standard)方面(area)的差异很有意思。美国人把这些方面比较严格地分为精神(spirit)和肉体(flesh),认为它们是一个人生活中两种相反(opposition)的本性(being)。从观念上来看上,精神应该占优(prevail),但大多数情况下,占优的其实是肉体。日本人没有这样区分(division),至少不认为一个善良(good)、另一个邪恶(evil)。他们认为,一个人有两个灵魂(soul),每个灵魂都是必需的。一个是“友善的(gentle)”灵魂,另一个灵魂是“粗野的”(roush)。有时,一个人利用友善的灵魂;有时他又不得不利用粗野的灵魂。他并不偏爱(favor)友善的灵魂,也不跟粗野的灵魂过不去。日本的哲学累(philosopher)坚持认为,人性本质(nature)上是善良的,一个人不必同自己身体的任何部位抗争(1ight),他唯一要学的是如何在适当(appropriate)的时候正确利用每个灵魂。对于日本人来说,美德(virtuc)表现为履行一个人对别人应尽的义务(obligation)。圆满的结局,无论在现实中还是在虚构的(fiction)文学作品中,既不是必要的,也不是期望(expect)的,因为履行(fulfillment)广义务就会带来令人满意的(satisfying)结局,无论这个结局会遭受什么样的不幸(tragedy)。义务(duty)包括一个人刘』K些给予过他恩惠(benefit)的人应尽的义务,也包括作为一个受尊重(honor)的人别人对他应尽的义务;、巾于义务的双重((10uble)意义,他培养了自我约束的习性——既宽容(permissive),又严格(rigid),这主要取决于履行义务的场合。
培养这种自我约束习性的过程起始于孩提时代。实际上,可以说从出生就开始了。一个日本小孩很早就形成了他自己的个性(identity)。如果我打算用一个词来说明日本人对小孩的态度,我会用一个简洁(succinct)的词——“尊重”。关爱?是的,无尽的(abundance)关爱,这种爱从小孩张嘴吃奶的那——刻起就被亲切地表露出来了。对于母亲和小孩来说,母亲给小孩喂奶在心理上(psychologically.)是很重要的。
时常会给予孩子奖赏(reward),适当的时候会奖励孩子一点糖果或一个不贵的玩具。不过,到厂上学的年龄时,训诫(discipline)就开始严格一些了。对于孩子来说,使家庭蒙羞是他们最大的耻辱(shame)。
日本人传授自我约束的秘诀是什么呢?我认为,在于这样一个事实:日本人所有教育的目的都是为了培养(establishment)习惯(habit)。规则(rule)被再三重复,不断实践,直到顺从(obedience)成为本能(instlnctlve)。长者的期待强化(enhance)了这种循环(repetmon)。长者期望孩子顺从,期望他们通过顺从学得知识;;对于幼小的孩子来说,这一要求起初是和善(gentle)、温和的。但是,随着时间的流逝,这…要求不再和善,肯定会越来越无情(inexorable)。
现在,远离了温暖的日本家庭,我反省我学到了什么。我不知道,什么会代替关爱和训诫网(discipline)的位置——因为许多世纪以来,这个网络一直影响着日本人的生活与思维?
(以上由曹其军老师供稿)
(以上内容版权归中国MBA网拥有,未经许可,不得转载。-待续)
