Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution。

　　21. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to        

　　[A] speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem。

　　[B] identify a problem。

　　[C] bring together disparate facts。

　　[D] stipulate clear goals。

　　22. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？

　　[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis。

　　[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers。

　　[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do。

　　[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions。

　　23. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？

　　[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts； Manager Y does not。

　　[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis； Manager Y does not。

　　[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem； Manager Y does not。

　　[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem； Manager X does not。

　　24. The text provides support for which of the following statements？

　　[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis。

　　[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions。

　　[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills。

　　[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently。

　　25. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？

　　[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given。

　　[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced。

　　[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized。

　　[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated。

　　Text2

　　Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of pre-industrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions。