22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.
25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.
26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.
30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Entailment
32. Proposition
33. Componential analysis
34. Reference
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?
Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots （青岛海洋大学，1999）
36. What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words.
(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief
b. bull, rooster, drake, ram
(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car
b. milk, alcohol, rice, soup
(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractor
b. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）
Test Six: Pragmatics
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive
4. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century
6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force D. in their effect brought about
9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle
10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
19. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.
23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.
24. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
26. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
27. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
28. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
29. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Conversational implicature
32. Performative
33. Locutionary act
34. Q-principle (Horn)
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.
“Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?” （东北师范大学，2006）
36. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. （南开大学，2004）
A: When is the bus coming?
B: There has been an accident further up the road.
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts.
(1) The room is messy.
(2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on.
Test Seven: Language, Culture and Society
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics
2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.
A. use of words B. use of structures
C. accent D. morphemes
3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional variation B. Language variation
C. Social variation D. Register variation
4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.
A. Geographical barriers
B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change
D. Social barriers
5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
A. Language interference B. Language changes
C. Language planning D. Language transfer
6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
A. Regional variation B. Changes in emotions
C. Variation in connotations D. Stylistic variation
7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
A. lingua franca B. register
