英国文学知识点总结
一、    中古世纪时期和文艺复兴时期
1.    The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ______. (2006)
A.    William Langland  B. Geoffrey Chaucer  C. William Shakespeare  D. Alfred Tennyson

2.    ______ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. (2006)
A.    Free verse  B. sonnet  C. ode  D. epigram

重要文学术语一句话定义：
Ballad 民谣：Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. It was handed down from generation to generation.  代表作：Robin Hood

Epic 史诗：Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 代表作：Beowulf

Renaissance 文艺复兴：It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.

Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.

Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter, the last line in iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. 代表作： the Faerie Queene

Sonnet 十四行诗: A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter.  代表人物：William Shakespeare


重要人物和其代表作的一句话评价：
Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：He is regarded as the father of modern English poetry. 英国诗歌之父
代表作：Canterbury Tales: A collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims.

Philip Sidney 菲利普 锡尼：He stands for the spirit of the Elizabeth age. 伊莉莎白时代精神的代表
代表作：Defense of Poetry, Arcadia.

Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞： the poets’ poet. He created Spenser Stanza. 诗人中的诗人，斯宾塞诗节的创作者。
代表作：The Faerie Queene.  The shepherd Calendar.

Thomas More 托马斯 莫尔： 代表作 Utopia

Christopher Marlowe：he is the most gifted of University Wits. 大学才子派代表人物。
代表作：Tamburlaine.  Dr. Faustus.  The Jew of Malta.

William Shakespeare 莎士比亚： He is the greatest of all the Elizabethan dramatists.
代表作：Sonnet 18. Romeo and Juliet.  “四悲四喜”麦克白、李尔王、奥赛罗、哈姆雷特；威尼斯商人、第十二夜、仲夏夜之梦、皆大欢喜（As You Like It）

Francis Bacon 培根：伟大的“哲科散”；He lays the foundation for modern science; He is best known for his essays.
代表作：各种“论”。论读书 of studies, 论学问的进步 The Advancement of Learning, 论说文集 essays


二、    启蒙主义时期（包括王朝复辟）
In literature a story in verse or prose with a double meaning is defined as ______. (2010)
A.    Allegory  B. sonnet  C. blank verse  D. rhyme

重要文学术语一句话定义：
The Graveyard School 墓地派诗歌：The graveyard school refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes. 代表人物：Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.

The Heroic Couplet 英雄双对偶：The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other word, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.

Farce 闹剧：Farce refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings, absurd actions, and unreal situations, meant to be  very funny.


重要人物和其代表作的一句话评价
王朝复辟时期1660-1688 记住四个John
John Dryden, father of English criticism
John Bunyan, a religious novelist, 代表作 The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程（religious allegory 宗教寓言）
John Donne, a religious poet, 代表作 The Flea, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, Death, Be Not Proud, The Songs and Sonnets
John Milton, 三部史诗 epics，Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes

工业革命时期
Thomas Gray: He was the leading figure of the Graveyard School. 代表作: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Oliver Goldsmith: He is the representative of the English sentimentalist school 伤感主义文学派  代表作：The Deserted Village, The vicar of Wakefield 维克菲尔德的牧师

18世纪的小说主要有三种
Picaresque form 流浪汉式小说：Daniel Defoe的Robinson Crusoe； Jonathan Swift 的Gulliver’s Travels
Epistolary form 书信体小说：Samuel Rechardson 的Pamela, Clarissa
“third-person narration” 加入第三人称叙述的：Henry Fielding的 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事

其他作家作品：
Alexander Pope: He is a representative of the Enlightment and the greatest poet of the Neoclassical period. It was he who first introduce rationalism to England. 代表作：An Essay on Criticism 论批评；The Rape of the Lock 夺发记

Samuel Jonson: 一封信一部字典

R.B.Sheridan: He is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. 代表作：The School for Scandal 造谣学校； The Rivals 情敌


三、    浪漫主义时期的英国文学（1798-1832）
重要文学术语一句话定义：
Lyric 抒情诗：Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle. 代表：Robert Burns的 A Red Red Rose

Gothic Novel 哥特式小说：Gothic novel (流行于18世纪末19世纪初) emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious and horrifying. 代表：Mary Shelley的 Frankenstein

Ode 颂歌：Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an even.

Lake poets 湖畔派诗人：Lake poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, S.T. Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the lake district.

重要人物及其代表作的一句话评价：
William Blake, 代表作：Songs of Innocence; Songs of Experience;

Robert Burns, Scottish poet, use Scottish dialect and folklore, 代表作：Auld Lang Syne; A Red Red Rose

两个湖畔派诗人单记：
William Wordsworth, 代表作：Lucy Poems; The Solitary Reaper; I wandered lonely as a Cloud; Lyrical Ballads (代表着浪漫主义的开端)
S.T. Coleridge, 代表作：与Wordsworth合著Lyrical Ballads, 另外还单独著有：Kubla Khan; Christabel; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.

两个革命派诗人单记
G.G. Byron, 代表作：Isles of Greece 哀希腊；Don Juan 唐璜
P.B. Shelley, 代表作：Ode to the West Wind; Ode to a Skylark 西风和云雀。另外还有：Prometheus Unbound
他的爱人Mary Shelley 代表作 Frankenstein, 是一部Gothic Novel.

其他文学人物：
John Keats 济慈, 代表作：各种Ode 各种颂。除了云雀和西风。

Robert Southey, 也是湖畔派诗人，同时是桂冠诗人Poet Laureate. 代表作 Joan of Arc 圣女贞德

Walter Scott， He is the creator of historical novel, 代表作 Ivanhoe 艾梵赫

Jane Austin, 代表作 Sense and Sensibility; Pride and Prejudice


四、    维多利亚时期的英国文学（183X-1918）
重要文学术语一句话定义：
Allusion 典故：Allusion means a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 代表作 W.M. Thackeray 的 Vanity Fair 名利场

重要作家作品一句话评价：
Bronte三姐妹
Charlotte Bronte---Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte---Wuthering Heights
Anne Bronte---Agnes Grey

Charles Dickens, He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian age, 代表作有：A Tale of Two Cities; David Copperfield; Oliver Twist; Great Expectation. 在双城中有个大卫科波菲尔，雾都孤儿拜他为师，从此开始了远大前程。

W.M. Thackeray 萨克雷，代表作 Vanity Fair 名利场
Oscar Wilder, He is a spokesman for the “aesthetic movement”, who advocated the theory of “arts for art’s sake”.

维多利亚时期的三位诗人
Alfred Tennyson 丁尼生， 代表作有：In Memoriam 悼念；Break, Break, Break!; Ulysees 尤利西斯
Robert Browning 布朗宁， 代表作有：My Last Duchess 我已故的公爵夫人；The Ring and the Book 指环与书
Thomas Hardy 哈代， 代表作：Tess of the D’ Urberilles 德伯家的苔丝；Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德； Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣；The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长


五、现代时期的英国文学
Stream of Consciousness 意识流，代表人物：James Joyce和Virginia Woolf
James Joyce 詹姆斯*乔伊斯，爱尔兰作家，代表作：Ulysees; Araby; Dubliners
Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚*伍尔夫，代表作：Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人；Orlando 奥兰多


Black humor 黑色幽默， 代表人物：Joseph Heller  他的代表作：Catch-22

其他作家作品：
T.S. Eliot 艾略特，现代派诗歌代表，1948年获得诺贝尔文学奖，代表作：The Waste Land 荒原
D.H. Lawrence 劳伦森, 代表作：Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人
William Golding 戈丁，1983年获得诺贝尔奖，代表作：Lord of the Flies 蝇王



美国文学知识点总结

一、早期时期及独立战争时期的美国文学
重要作家作品一句话评价：
John Smith, he was considered to be the “first author ” in the history of American literature. 两部作品，作品名字中都出现了Virginia 弗吉尼亚，一个描述一个地图。其中A True Relation of Virginia 弗吉尼亚的真实描述，是美国文学中的”the first book”
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 富兰克林, He demonstrated all the major principles of the Enlightenment Movement. 代表作：Poor Richard’s Almanac 穷查理的自白书； The Autobiography 自传。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯 杰斐逊， 代表作：The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言。It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom.


二、浪漫主义时期的美国文学
重要文学术语一句话定义：
Transcendentalism：Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of R.W. Emerson, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition. 代表人物：爱默生、梭罗

Free verse 自由体诗歌：Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter. 代表人物：惠特曼。注意与blank verse 进行区分。

重要作家作品一句话评价：
浪漫主义早期的三位诗人：
William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特，代表作：To A Waterfowl 致水鸟； The Yellow Violet 黄色的紫罗兰
James Fenimore Cooper, He developed three kinds of novels, about the revolutionary past(The Spy 间谍), sea novels(The Pilot 领航者), and the American frontier novels(Leather-stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集)
Washington Irving 华盛顿 欧文， He was the first American to achieve international literary reputation, and he was called “Father of American Literature”. 代表作：The Sketch Book 见闻札记，It marked the beginning of the American romanticism. (英国的标志是Lyrical Ballads); Rip Van Winkle 和 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 取材于德国民间故事。

超验主义的两个代表人物：
Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生， The most important figure of New England transcendentalism, 代表作：Nature 论自然， “the manifesto of American transcendentalism 美国超验主义的宣言”； The American Scholar 论美国学者，an address delivered at Harvard University, “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence 美国的精神独立宣言”; Self-Reliance 论自助
Henry David Thoreau 梭罗， 代表作：Walden 瓦尔登湖，It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstances; Civil Disobedience 论公民之不服从，主张采用和平的方式解决问题，反对战争和奴隶制。
反对超验主义的两个代表人物：
Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑，代表作：The Scarlet Letter; Young Goodman Brown; Mosses from an Old Manse; The House of the Seven Gables; The Marble Faun; Twice Told Tales.
Herman Melville 麦尔维尔，Moby-Dick 白鲸

两位浪漫主义革新(用自由体 free verse)诗人：
Walt Whitman 惠特曼，代表作：Leaves of Grass 草叶集，It marked the end of the American romanticism.
Emily Dickinson 狄更生，代表作记忆：她的代表作的标题是诗的第一句，比如：This is my letter to the world; I like to see it lap the Miles; Because I could not stop for Death.

浪漫主义时期其他两位作家：
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加 艾伦 坡，He is a romantic poet who is preoccupied with death, and he also writes about Gothic stories. “Father of the American detective stories”. 代表作：The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌； Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集； The Raven 乌鸦
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗费罗，He was the first American poet to write the narrative poems. 代表作：A Psalm of Life 人生礼赞


三、现实主义与自然主义时期（1865—1918）
三位现实主义作家：
Mark Twain 马克 吐温，He was the first literary giant in that he broke the narrow limits of local color and described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before. 代表作：The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on the Mississippi; The Gilded Age; Jumping Frog。
Henry James 亨利 詹姆斯 代表作：Daisy Miller 黛西 米勒； The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人的画像
William Dean Howells 豪威尔斯, 代表作：The Rise of Silas Lapham

两位自然主义作家（激进派，持悲观的宿命论）
Jack London 杰克 伦敦，代表作：The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤； Martin Eden 马丁 伊登
Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬 克莱恩，代表作：The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章

其他作家作品：
H.B. Stowe 斯托夫人，She is an anti-slavery writer, 代表作：Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋
Theodore Dreiser 西奥多 德莱赛，代表作：Sister Carrie
Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德 安德森， the first America’s psychological writers. 代表作：Winesburg, Ohio 小镇畸人


四、现代时期美国文学

重要文学术语一句话定义：
The Lost Generation 迷惘的一代：The Lost Generation refers to the post-world war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. 代表人物：F.S. Fitzgerald; Ernest Hemingway.

American dream 美国梦：American dream refers to the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck. 代表作品：The Great Gatsby.

重要作家作品一句话评价：
F.S. Fitsgerald 菲茨杰拉德，代表作：The Great Gatsby.

Ernest Hemingway 海明威，He was regarded as the most important spokesman for the Lost Generation; he was famous for “Iceberg Principle”. 代表作：The Old Man and the Sea; The Sun also Rises; A Farewell to Arms; For whom the Bell Tolls;

William Faulkner 福克纳，He is noted for the Yoknapatawpha stories in which the fictional Yoknapatawpha County is the setting. 1950年诺贝尔奖获得者。代表作：The Sound and the Fury; Light in August; Absalom, Absalom!; A Rose for Emily.

J.D. Salinger 塞林格，代表作：The Catcher in the Rye 麦田里的守望者

Joseph Heller 约瑟夫 海勒，He is famous for black humor, 代表作：Catch-22 第二十二条军规

Ezra Pound 庞德，He was identified as the father of modern American poetry. 代表作：The Cantos 诗章；In a Station of the Metro 在地铁站里。

Norman Mailer 诺曼 梅勒， He is an anti-war writer, 代表作：The Naked and the Dead