Jane Austin
Literature：乡村生活是她小说的主要题材。全部作品：northanger abbey诺桑觉寺，persuasion劝导，sense and sensibility理智与情感，pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见，mansfield park曼斯菲尔德花园and emma艾玛
课文节选 ：Pride and Prejudice
This book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. Mr. Bennet, a clergyman牧师 who has married young and rashly轻率地, is skeptical怀疑的 of conventional常规的 marriage and has no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish粗俗的 and vulgar庸俗的 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men.
Charles lamb查尔斯。兰姆:最大成就在散文，其随笔与蒙田名声并列
课文节选：Dream-children, a reverie梦中的孩子们，poor relations穷亲戚
Part VIII  The Victorian Age维多利亚时期
Critical Realism in England英国的批判主义
1.    Historical Background
Industrial Revolution, railways, novels provide a means to kill the time. The rising of middle class. Reading novels is becoming a sign of statues and a way of living.
A typical Victorian novel is usually 400-5oo pages, lengthy长的, thick厚的.
The values of Victorian Age
The middle class, the core of the values: to be a gentleman, the pursuit of wealth achieved by self-reliance倚靠自己 through hard work.
The Victorian Age (1832-1901)
1.    Historical background
The Queen came to the throne in 1837
The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603)
Queen Victoria. The similarities between the two queens:
First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years and Queen Victoria more than sixty years.
Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign统治 of Queen Victoria., England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工场 of the world as well as its financial and political center.
Thirdly, during their reign, literature flourished. 繁荣In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare whereas但是 in the age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared in the literary scene.
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: the early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest;( child labor, women workers, long working hours, miserable working conditions)  the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy论战;( social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron铁 was built in Hyde Park. It was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held. It was a display of the nation’s advanced technology and industry, as well as its prosperity.)  The last period 1870, a period of decay of Victorian values .England continued to grow in strength in this period. “the empire帝国 on which the sun never sets”. To many Victorians this was a period of serenity安详 and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.
Rival竞争对手s: Germany, the United States, Japan and Russia
The Charitist Movement宪章运动 appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.导致其的主要矛盾是工人阶级与此本家的矛盾。此运动最后以工人在议会中取得相应席位而告终。
2.    The Victorian novelists
The rise of the novels as a dominant突出的 literary genre类型 during the Victorian age
First, the growth of urban城市的 population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public
Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and the serial publication, the libraries
Third, writing had become a profession
Fourth, there was a large idle空闲的 class who needed recreation and entertainment
Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire可怕的 poverty贫穷 in the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular世俗的 form to explore human relations rather than sermons 说教given in the church. the novels were used as a tool to
Finally, the feminist男女平等主义 movement had much to do with the growth of the novel. The struggle for women’s rights was a recurring循环的 theme in the novels of the 19th century.
The common features of the Victorian novels
1.    The plot is unfolded 展现against a social background. The Victorian novels reflect the complexity 复杂性of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writer’s attitude towards the society.
2.    the cause –effect sequence is much more striking突出的 than in previous novels, the central character,
3.    Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment安装, before they were fully published in a single book.
4.    the Victorian novels were tainted 污染的by the spirit of Puritanism清教徒 of the Victorian age
5.    The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose. Many writers wrote with a purpose to edify开到 readers and to bring about reforms.
In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed (though they may depreciate) in the production process. Capital goods may be acquired with money or financial capital.Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned; supply, demand and price are mostly set by market forces rather than economic planning; and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses. Capitalism also refers to the process of capital accumulation
3.in the 19th-century english literature, a new literary trend critical realism appeared.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)：he was the greatest representative of English critical realism. And  William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷
Dickens and Thackeray were contemporaries.Similarities:Both humorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically嘲讽的。在使小说回返自然和真实这一点上，萨克雷是英国小说家中影响最大的一位。Different life
Differences in writings
1.    Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats贵族 and rich businessmen, that is, people of the upper and middles classes, whereas Dickens’s chief contribution was his description o the underdogs受压迫者 and unprivileged平穷的.
2.    Dickens was a sentimentalist.多愁善感者 He likes to avail有益于 himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. Thackeray was a cynic愤世嫉俗者 who saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature. On the whole he preserved detachmen分离t, and he always held himself under control.
3.    Whereas Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination. Thackeray was against affectation假装. His cynical attitude towards life explains the fact that most of his clever people are rogues流氓 and most of his virtuous善良的 people are fools.
3．The Victorian poets
The Novel was the predominating占支配优势 genre类型 of literature in the Victorian age. There are prominent突出的 poets after the death of major romantic poets.

Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)  Robert Browning (1812-1889)他们两个最具代表性Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) ，Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
They not only wrote highly lyrical poems as the romantists did, but also they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.
The conflicts at that time:
The class struggle between the wealthy and the poor
The rapid progress of science and technology, and the discovery of new theories of social science. All these greatly shook the religious faith that had been the mainstay支柱 of people’s spiritual life for centuries. Hence所以 the Victorian age was marked through by the prominence of the spirit of inquiry探究 and criticism by skepticism and religious uncertainty, and spiritual struggle and unrest. .
2.Writers
Charles Dickens  1812-1870
He was the most important novelist in the Victorian age, and he was extremely popular, best seller, most of his characters in his early work are cartoon characters, most complex in his late work  Initiation novel. His artistic techniques:
1.    Dickens has a tendency to depict描绘 the grotesque荒唐的 (very odd奇怪的 or unusual, fantastically奇异的 ugly or absurd荒谬的) characters or events. Most of Dickens’s characters have peculiar奇怪的 habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or her own.
2.    Dickens loves to instil灌输l life into inanimate无生气的 things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things, engines—the head of an elephant, the smoke in the air to snakes trailing 蔓延themselves for ever and ever.
3.    Dickens is noted for his description of pathetic凄惨的 scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy. Pathos哀婉 is a distinctive与众不同的 quality in Dickens’s writings.
4.    Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.
5.    主要作品：Pickwick Papers匹克威克传，Oliver Twist雾都孤儿， The old curiosity shop老古玩店, a christmas carol圣诞欢歌，Dombey and son董贝父子，david copperfield大卫科波菲尔，hard times艰难时世，a tale of two cities双城记，great expectation远大前程。In 双城记，the  two cities are london and paris in the time of revolution.艰难时运makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and the bourgeois philosophy人生观