Through the acts, words, and thoughts of  Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado. This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒). He lost himself on hearing the wine. At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance. When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him.
For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏） in wine. Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montresor’s terrible trap. In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him. He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.
Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman. He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person. His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.
Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character. We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark. It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.

Unit 3 Ralph Waldo Emerson Self-Reliance
1.What is author’s attitude towards charity? Why does he hold such an attitude?
The worst of charity is that the lives you are asked to preserve are not worth preserving.Not all charity mean goodness.One must explore if it be goodness.If malice and vanity wear the coat of philanthropy, that shall not pass.One’s goodness must have some edge to do, else it is none.
参考：
 In Self-Reliance, Emerson fundamentally showed the idea of confidence and independence. Besides these ideas, he illustrated the idea of “Showing no sympathy to the Poor”. This point of view agrees with the confidence and independence. Thus, his attitude towards charity is a little a bit of negative.
Emerson indirectly showed the reason why the man is poor and why no sympathy should be showed to the poor. In the essay, he does not show any sympathy to those who has no relationship with him. He said: “Expect me not to show causes why I seek or why I exclude company. Then again, do not tell me, as a good man did today, of my obligation to put all poor men in good situations. Are they my poor? I tell your, your foolish philanthropist, that I grudge the dollar, the dime, the cent. I give to such men as do not belong to me and whom I do not belong.” Obviously, he displayed another way of helping those people who are poor, not to give them money directly. Instead, he stressed much importance of self-support. If those people are given money directly, they would become more and more poor. The only way to get out of this difficulty is to rely on themselves. At most time, the poor are not independent, optimistic and adventurous. They have no innovative abilities, because they never think that they should challenge life and make progress. Therefore, in many aspects, the poor are lagged behind of the society. These people should not be given help and support, as they have no desire to change the situation and just suffer what they are used to. They do not want to change and improve, and their poor mind will ruin everything.
However, there is another kind of people who may also in difficult situations, and we should offer our help. This kind of people is the poor in pocket, but they are full of ideas in mind. They are independent, optimistic and adventurous. What they really lack is some materials. They hold the firm belief that their situation will be improved through a period of time. They also put their ideas into practice ,and eventually, they will succeed.
The poor condition is not terrible, but the poor mind is a very serious problem. The man should never help the poor with money, but give them a tool to produce wealth by themselves, or teach them to be independent and optimistic. As a reader, I benefit a lot from this idea, and also learn the importance of self-reliance.
2.According to the author, what do most people believe to be virtue? And what is real virtue?
Virtues are, in the popular estimate rather the exception than the rule.
The real virtues are, according to the author, what I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think.
3.Why does the author dislike “consistency”?Do you agree with him?Do you think that people should give up consistency?
First, consistency scares us from self-trust. It makes us lack confidence. Second, a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a soul has simply nothing to do. It kills the creativity of us.