31. The author asserts that the changes in readers’taste

　　［A］ contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.

　　［B］ often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.

　　［C］ sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.

　　［D］ usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.

　　32. The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again

　　［A］ the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.

　　［B］ the art and literature would most totally vanish.

　　［C］ the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.

　　［D］ the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.

　　33. Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

　　［A］ careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.

　　［B］ remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.

　　［C］ improbable condensation to any shorter accounts.

　　［D］ flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.

　　34. What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in

　　［A］ the different amount of words used in representation.

　　［B］ the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.

　　［C］ the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds.

　　［D］ the variation of arguments about their meanings.

　　35. The essayists’main task seems to be

　　［A］ the implied revelation and description of the truth.

　　［B］ the free depiction and modification of their memories.

　　［C］ the frank confession of what is concealed in their mind.

　　［D］ the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.

　　Text4

　　In a representative democracy, legislatures exist to represent the public and to ensure that public issues are efficiently addressed by a group representative of the population as a whole. It is often written that a legislator confronts a moral dilemma if, on a given issue upon which he must cast a vote, his view is decidedly different from that of the majority of his constituents. In such a circumstance, it is not clear whether voting citizens have chosen the legislator because of their faith in his personal judgment or whether they have elected him in order to give direct effect to their own views.

　　But this dilemma is more apparent than real. A truly identifiable conflict between the legislator’s opinion and that of his constituency is rare, because the legislator is usually better informed than the public on the issue in question and his opinion, therefore, cannot fairly be compared to theirs. Indeed, this fact underlines the legislator’s most important function: to gather broad-based information in order to make more considered decisions than each citizen could reach individually and thus to serve the public interest better than the public could do on its own.

　　Let us suppose that a legislator opposes a very popular proposed public works project because he has studied its financial consequences and believes, over the long run, it is financially unsound. If the legislator’s constituents eagerly support the project, not having studied the relevant financial data, it is entirely too simplistic to view the legislator as having to confront a moral dilemma. The truth is that the legislator does not know how his constituents would view the project if they truly understood its financial consequences, and thus, he cannot actually conclude that his view differs from that of his constituents.

　　The legislator’s job is first to study the short-range and long-range goals of the people he represents, without confusing these with his own. Then, using his knowledge and judgment, he is to promote the electorate’s goals as he understands them. Consider, for instance, a legislator whose constituents wish to maintain the rural character of their district. If the legislator himself dislikes rural living and he believes an industrial environment would offer greater benefit to the community than a rural environment, he must separate these viewpoints from his professional judgment. He is not to promote industrialization because he personally favors it.

　　However, if the legislator’s considered opinion is that his district needs to sponsor some industrial development in order to maintain its overall agricultural character, it is his duty to promote the industrial development, even if his constituents oppose it. So long as he honestly attempts to serve his electorate’s objectives, the legislator should stand firm against the expressed opinion of his own constituents.

　　36. The author’s purpose in the first paragraph is to

　　[A] explain the basic requirements for legislative issues.

　　[B] point out a possible moral dilemma facing a legislator.

　　[C] hint the clash between legislation and public concerns.

　　[D] show the disparity between legislators and constituents.