C) Bryant's father expected to find a diamond used in industry

D) diamonds are produced with carbon gas

2. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text?

A) Diamond can withstand higher degree than silicon.

B) The main component of semiconductors will be replaced in a few years.

C) High-quality crystals have least usages, esp. in jewelry.

D) Engineers could not find perfect ways of making pure crystal cheaply.

3. According to the passage, why can the companies increase and perfect their production of diamond?

A) They all work in secrecy.

B) They have improved their techniques.

C) They have developed their own diamond chambers.

D) They have turned the rough diamonds to high-quality ones.

4. Which of the following best defines the word “attribute”（Line 5, Paragraph 4）?

A) Quality.

B) Contribution.

C) Appearance.

D) Value.

5. The new diamond is NOT first used in______.

A) LEDs

B) flat-screen displays

C) high-definition televisions

D) prototype diamond semiconductors





篇章剖析


本篇文章主要介绍了人造钻石的制造、用途和应用前景。第一段叙述了布赖恩特·李艾尔斯的父亲偶然发现了制造精美人工钻石的技术；第二段介绍工业上生产钻石的情况和人造钻石的用途；第三段说明钻石制造公司的制造技术不断进步；第四段叙述芯片制造商设法生产出钻石半导体来生产微芯片；最后一段介绍了人造钻石的应用前景。





词汇注释


recipe /ˈresɪpi/ n. 处方，秘诀

artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃəl/ adj. 人造的，假的，非原产地的

eureka /ɪʊəˈriːkə/ int. 我发现了！（表达有重大新发现时的欢乐）

synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/ adj. 合成的，人造的，综合的

dissipate /ˈdɪsɪpeɪt/ v. 驱散，（使云、雾、疑虑等）消散；浪费（金钱或时间）

silicon /ˈsɪlɪkən/ n. 【化】硅，硅元素

wafer /ˈweɪfə/ n. 晶片，圆片；薄饼；干胶片

gemstone /ˈdʒemˌstəʊn/ n. 经雕琢的宝石

prototype /ˈprəʊtəʊtaɪp/ n. 原型；模型；典型

impurity /ɪmˈpjʊərɪti/ n. 杂质，混杂物；不洁，不纯

attribute /əˈtrɪbju(ː)t/ n. 属性，品质，特征

manipulate /məˈnɪpjʊleɪt/ vt.（熟练地）操作，操纵（人或市价、市场）；利用；应付；假造

stigma /ˈstɪgmə/ n. 污名，耻辱

distribute /dɪsˈtrɪbju(ː)t/ vt.分发；分配；散布，分布





难句突破


① His father had managed what many scientists had given up on long ago: to manufacture a stone that wouldn't look out of place on an engagement ring.

主体句式：His father had managed…

结构分析：这是一个复杂句，what引导的是宾语从句，to manufacture a stone实际上是what many scientists had given up的同谓语，that引导的是定语从句。

句子译文：他的父亲完成了许多科学家很久以前放弃的研究，即制造出一块用在订婚戒指上也显得再合适不过的钻石。

② High-quality crystals, though, open up huge possibilities, jewelry being the least of them.

主体句式：Crystals open up possibilities…

结构分析：Jewelry being the least of them是一个分词独立主格结构，在句中作伴随状语。

句子译文：高质量的水晶展现了巨大的应用潜力，用来制作珠宝只是其中最小的一部分。





题目分析


1. B 推理题。文中第一段讲到，布赖恩特的父亲完成了许多科学家很久以前放弃的研究，说明以前许多科学家曾努力去研究制造精美钻石。

2. C 细节题。选项A、B、D在文中第二段都可以找到相应的意思，C选项却和文中意思相悖。文中的意思是：高质量的水晶展现了巨大的应用潜力，用来制作珠宝只是其中最小的一部分。

3. B 细节题。文中第三段第二句谈到，阿波罗钻石公司秘密研究多年之后改良了技术，从而提高了产量，而盖迈希公司也通过成立“钻石成长室”，用和以往相同的方式制造出品质更高的钻石，可见他们也改进了技术。

4. A 语义题。attribute本身就是特点和性质的意思。从后面的their hardness (钻石的硬度），也可以推断出。

5. D 细节题。文中第五段第一行讲到新钻石可能首先被用在什么地方。





参考译文


布赖恩特·李艾尔斯有一副家传秘方：如何制造世界级的钻石。七年前，他的父亲罗伯特在一间高压碳气室中制造了一颗钻石，把它放入酸性溶液中清洗干净。第二天早晨当他回来时，他本指望看到通常的黄色钻石——在工业上具有某种用途的未加工的人工钻石，但可能并非梦寐以求的那种。开始他根本没有看到什么石头。接着他看到在烧杯底有一块完美的四分之一克拉的纯碳钻石，如此透明，几乎让人看不到它。“这是一个令人狂喜的时刻”，布赖恩特说。他的父亲完成了许多科学家很久以前放弃的研究，即制造出一块用在订婚戒指上也显得再合适不过的钻石。

人造钻石并不是什么新生事物，20世纪50年代工业上就开始制造了，每年大约生产800吨低质量的人造钻石，用来制造工具，如钻头和打磨机。高质量的水晶展现了巨大的应用潜力，用来制作珠宝只是其中最小的一部分。科学家对于制造钻石芯片的前景最乐观。因为芯片会在多年以后收缩，工程师们努力想办法驱散它们产生的热量。因为半导体的主要成分硅在大约华氏200度就会破裂，一些专家认为大约十年后将需要一种新的材料。钻石可能是合适之选。首先它们可以承受1,000度的高温，电子很容易通过钻石，它们不容易升温。如果工程师们能找到一种完美的低成本制造纯水晶的方法，他们可以在一个钻石芯片上安装更多的线路。

竞赛正在进行。理纳莱西（the Linareses）下属公司——阿波罗钻石公司秘密改进技术多年，如今坦言每周能生产20克拉钻石，用来制造珠宝和可以用来制造微芯片的钻石晶片。其竞争对手也很忙。佛罗里达州萨拉索塔的盖迈希（Gemesis）公司建造了一个“钻石成长室”，通过压力制造出高品质钻石，和以前制造低质量钻石的方法大体相同。盖迈希公司还可以生产蓝钻石，这是一种世人争相追求的珍贵宝石。

芯片制造商也在行动。日本电报电话公司也已经制造出钻石半导体样品，日本政府正积极推动这项技术。美国的多数研究在大学和军队的实验室进行，但英特尔公司最近也已产生兴趣。在这项技术进入全盛期前，芯片制造商必须提出一种生产过程中去除杂质的方法。钻石之所以如此吸引人，是因为它的硬度，而这一特性也增加了钻石制造难度。

新的钻石可能首先以微小的发光二极管，或者平板显示器和高清晰电视中的发光二极管的形态出现。当然还有珠宝。虽然人造的会带有瑕疵，但甚至专家们也不能分辨真伪。尽管天然钻石商人声称他们并不担心，但是德·比尔斯制造了一种可以区分天然钻石和人造钻石的设备，已经分发给珠宝商。消费者会在意吗？下一年盖迈希公司准备在美国销售它的蓝钻石，到那时，我们或许会明白的。





Unit 53


Nobody ever went into academia to make a fast buck. Professors, especially those in medical-and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.

The profits are impressive:① the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.

Now Columbia is going retail——on the Web. It plans to go beyond the typical “dot.edu”model, free sites listing courses and professors' research interests. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will be spun off as an independent company. The site will provide free access to educational and research content, say administrators, as well as advanced features that are already available to Columbia students, such as a simulation of the construction and architecture of a French cathedral and interactive 3-D models of organic chemicals. Free pages will feed into profit-generating areas, such as online courses and seminars, and related books and tapes. Columbia executive vice provost Michael Crow imagines “millions of visitors”to the new site, including retirees and students willing to pay to tap into this educational resource. “We can offer the best of what's thought and written and researched,”says Ann Kirschner, who heads the project. Columbia also is anxious not be aced out by some of the other for-profit “knowledge sites,”such as About.com and Hungry Minds. “If they capture this space,”says Crow, “they'll begin to cherry-pick our best faculty.”

Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, and Web profits would work the same way, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one who doesn't? ② Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?

“If there's the perception that we might be making money from our efforts, the authority of the university could be diminished,”worries Herve Varenne, a cultural anthropology professor at Columbia's education school. Says Kirschner: “We would never compromise the integrity of the university.”Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear. It's going to take the best minds on campus to find a new balance between profit and purity.

注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为 2002年真题Text 2。

1. In the past, if you want to make fast money, you should work in______.

A) academia

B) ivory tower

C) company

D) medical field

2. The word “aggressively”（Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means______.

A) harmfully

B) carelessly

C) desperately

D) boldly

3. According to the text, the traditional feature of the Web of Columbia is______.

A) offering free access to the advanced features that are available to Columbia's students

B) that free page will feed into profit-producing page

C) providing the expertise of the teachers on the profit site

D) offering free sites listing courses and professors' research interests

4.

Besides the delight of most people for the profit, some______.

A) worry that the professors are not reliable

B) think this tendency may be terrible

C) hope the university to give more support to researchers who work for profit

D) show mercy to the scholars toiling in the musty area

5. The author uses the words of the professor Herve Varenne and Kirschner to show______.

A) if the faculties all try to make money the university will have no authority

B) the new site may not add to the growing profits

C) there exist some problems behind the profit

D) new balance between profit and purity will be the best opinion





篇章剖析


本篇文章主要介绍了大学利用知识获取经济利益的情况，并说明了这种做法的利弊。第一段介绍大学开始意识到学术研究的商业潜力，金钱开始流入校园；第二段用数据表明大学的收入是相当可观的；第三段介绍哥伦比亚大学通过互联网赢利的做法；第四段说明大学赢利的利弊；最后一段叙述大学正在寻找经济利益与学术诚信的平衡。





词汇注释


academia /ˌækəˈdiːmjə/ n. 学术界，学术环境

potential /pəˈtenʃ(ə)l/ n. 潜能，潜力

wrestle /ˈresl/ vi. 摔跤，格斗，斗争；斟酌

royalty /ˈrɔɪəlti/ n. （常用复）王权；王国；王的领土，特许权使用费，专利权使用费；专利权税

aggressively /əˈgresɪvli/ adv. 好斗地，敢作敢为地，有闯劲地，侵略性地

pharmaceutical /ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl/ adj. 制药（学）的

expertise /ekspɜːˈtiːz/ n.专门技能；专门知识

simulation /ˌsɪmjʊˈleɪʃən/ n. 仿真，假装，模拟

interactive /ˌɪntərˈæktɪv/ adj. 交互式的

provost /ˈprɒvəst/ n. 教务长

faculty /ˈfækəlti/ n. 全体教员；（大学的）系，科；（授予的）权力

credible /ˈkredəbl/ adj. 可信的，可靠的

toil /tɔɪl/ vi. 苦干，跋涉，费力地做

musty /ˈmʌsti/ adj. 发霉的；老朽的，陈腐的

diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ v. （使）减少，（使）变小

integrity /ɪnˈtegrɪti/ n. 正直，诚实，完整





难句突破


① The Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically.

主体句式：The Association surveyed 132 universities and found that…

结构分析：这是个复合句，主语是The Association of University Technology Managers；有两个并列谓语surveyed和found；found后面是宾语从句；a number是$576 million的同位语；之后接that引导的定语从句。

句子译文：大学技术经理人协会对132所大学进行调查，结果表明在1998年他们从专利税中总共赢利5.76亿美元，而且这个数字有望保持快速增长的势头。

② Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?

主体句式：Will universities provide more support to researchers than to scholars？

结构分析：这是个简单句。包含了比较级的结构，working in profitable fields是现在分词短语，作定语，修饰researchers；toiling in more musty areas也是现在分词短语作定语，修饰scholars。

句子译文：大学会为从事可赢利领域的研究者提供比从事冷门的研究者更多的支持吗？





题目分析


1. C 细节题。文中第一段提到，过去人们要挣大钱就不会去学术界，因为他们的收入只是在企业工作的同行的一小部分。所以，要快速赚钱就去公司。

2. D 语义题。文中第二段讲到，现在学校的收入很可观，而且具有很强的增长势头。一些学校已大胆地把发明卖给了公司。因为这种做法还没有成为一种潮流，所以是大胆的。

3. D 细节题。文章第三段讲到，哥伦比亚大学正在通过互联网进行零售。它计划超越典型的网站免费列出课程和教授们研究兴趣的“dot.edu”模式，这说明传统的特征是D选项。其他都是网站的新计划。

4. B 细节题。文章第四段提到，很多人对这种利润很满意，另外一些人则对这种趋势深感忧虑。他们担忧的是，一位从自己研究中获利的教授和不从研究中获益的教授是否同样可信呢？大学会为从事可赢利领域的研究者提供比从事冷门领域的研究者更多支持吗？所以B选项正确。其他都是对忧虑的错误理解。

5. C 细节题。文中第五段提到两个人的话，“如果我们存在可以通过努力挣钱从中牟利的这种观念的话，大学的权威性可能会降低”和“我们在大学的清廉方面永远不会妥协”。引用这两个人的话是为了表明大学在为赚到钱而兴奋的同时，背后也存在着问题——威信和清廉。





参考译文


从未有人为快速致富而进入学术界。教授们，特别是那些在医学和技术相关领域的工作的教授，他们只能挣到在企业工作的同行收入的一小部分。但是突然之间，大量金钱现在开始流入大学这座象牙塔，因为大学管理者开始意识到学术研究的商业潜力。研究机构正在全力解决一系列的新问题。

利润是相当可观的：大学技术经理人协会对132所大学进行调查，结果表明在1998年他们从专利税中共赢利5.76亿美元，而且这个数字有望保持快速增长的势头。一些大学，如纽约哥伦比亚大学已经积极地向公司——特别是那些生产药品的和高科技公司——推销他们的发明。

现在，哥伦比亚大学正在尝试通过互联网发展零售业。它计划超越典型的教育网站一般仅提供关于免费列出课程和教授们研究兴趣的信息的“dot.edu”模式。取而代之的是，哥伦比亚大学将在一家新的赢利网站上提供学校教员的专业技能，这种网站就像一个独立的公司。管理者说，网站允许免费访问教育和研究内容，以及已经为哥伦比亚大学学生所利用的一些先进的功能，诸如展示建筑物模型、法国教堂的建筑结构和有机化学变化的交互式3D模型。免费网页插入收费网页中，比如在线课题、研讨会和相关书籍、磁带。哥伦比亚大学执行副教务长米切尔·克罗预计会有数百万人访问这个新网站，包括会为访问教育资源付费的退休人员和学生。牵头这项计划的安·克斯科娜说：“我们能提供给人们思考、写作和研究的最好内容。”哥伦比亚大学也担心，不愿被其他一些赢利的“知识网站”如About.com和Hungry Minds打败。克罗说：“如果他们抓住空子，他们会抢走我们最好的教职人员。”

出售专利所得利润通常是分给研究人员、院系和大学，网站利润也同样分配。这样一来，许多大学教员都很满意，但是，另外一些人则对这种趋势深感忧虑：一位从自己研究中获利的教授和不从研究中获利的教授是否同样可信呢？大学会为从事可赢利领域的研究者提供比从事冷门领域的研究者更多支持吗？

“如果我们存在可以通过努力挣钱从中牟利的这种观念，大学的权威性可能会降低,”哥伦比亚教育学院的一位文化人类学教授赫维·瓦雷纳担心地说。克斯克娜说：“我们在大学的清廉方面从未妥协。”这种新网站能否增加正在增长的专利收入还有待观察，但是有一个事实是显而易见的，那就是利用大学里最聪明的头脑去寻求利益与清廉之间新的平衡。





Unit 54


A dog may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce grotesque distortion. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies.

Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal. Dr Ostrander has already used dogs to track down the genes behind certain cancers that the species shares with people, and to work out the dog family tree. At the AAAS she described her search for the genes controlling three of the most important features of a breed: its size, its hair and the length of its legs.

To investigate size, she looked at a breed called the Portuguese water dog. There are about 10,000 of these animals in North America. All of them are descended from an original population of just 30 that was introduced half a century ago. The size of water dogs, she found, is governed mainly by variations in a gene called insulin-like growth-factor 1——and that is probably true of other breeds as well.

Short legs, a phenomenon known as chondrodysplasia, are characteristic of many dog breeds, perhaps most famously dachshunds and corgis. In people the condition is known vulgarly as dwarfism. Dr Ostrander's work showed that in dogs it is caused by the reactivation of a “dead”version of a gene involved in the regulation of growth. Chromosomes are littered with such non-functional genes; they are the result of mutations favoured by natural selection at some point in the past. Here the gene in question has been reactivated by the arrival within it of what is known as a LINE-1 element. This is a piece of DNA that can jump about from place to place within a genome, sometimes causing havoc as it does so.