=In order that there may be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式表示目的，相当于一个目的状语从句In order that there may be successful communication...。

精品译文　为了达到成功的交流，就必须要求所有的参与者都专心听讲，并且积极参与讨论。

下面例句中的不定式是用在for引导的逻辑主语结构中，放在了形容词后面。比如：

6　It was too late for there to be any buses.

精品译文　当时太晚了，没有任何公共汽车。

7　It isn't cold enough for there to be a frost tonight; so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.

精品译文　今晚外面不那么冷，不会有霜冻，因此我可以很安全地把吉姆的汽车放在外面。

思维总结

本节主要是讨论了there be（表示“有”）的非谓语形式的用法。读者需要掌握何时该用there being和there to be这两种形式，这在各类考试中经常出现。

思维训练

Exercise 5.8

选择最佳答案填空。

1. It is impossible 　　　 a happier family.

A. of there to be

B. there is

C. for there to be

D. there will be

2. John was relying on there 　　　 another opportunity.

A. was

B. being

C. had been

D. would

3. People expect there 　　　 more discussions on this topic.

A. are to

B. is to

C. to be

D. being

4. She was wrong about there 　　　 some misunderstanding between us.

A. be

B. been

C. being

D. has

5. No one had told Mr. Smith about 　　　 a lecture the following day. (2000年12 CET-4)

A. there be

B. there would be

C. there was

D. there being

6. Ann never dreams of 　　　 for her to be sent abroad very soon. (98. 6 CET-4)

A. there being a chance

B. there be a chance

C. there to be a chance

D. being a chance

7. The students expected there 　　　 more reviewing classes before the final exam.

A. is

B. being

C. have been

D. to be

8. For there 　　　 successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.

A. is

B. to be

C. will be

D. being

9. It isn't cold enough for there 　　　 a frost tonight; so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.

A. would be

B. being

C. was

D. to be

写给读者的话

一、本章学习思路

本章内容主要有两大方面：一是动名词在句中所能充当的各种成分；二是动名词本身的构成形式，即动名词的时态和语态构成。要求读者能真正理解各种动名词形式所能表达的不同含义。

二、本章重点及难点

本章的重点内容有：动名词作宾语的结构和句型，动名词的复合结构，动名词的被动结构和完成结构。本章的内容总体来说并不难，主要是记忆相关的动词或短语的问题。

三、本章学习时间安排

由于本章的内容不多，也不难，所以读者可以花比较少的时间来学习，比如用三至五天时间看完所有的内容和做完所有的练习。

综合练习

1. 选择最佳答案填空。

1. People appreciate 　　　 with him because he has a good sense of humor.

A. to work

B. to have worked

C. working

D. having worked

2. Although a teenager, Fred could resist 　　　 what to do and what not to do.

A. to be told

B. having been told

C. being told

D. to have been told

3. "Is George really leaving the university?" "Yes, but would you mind 　　　 to anyone?"

A. not mentioning

B. not mention it

C. not to mention it

D. not mentioning it

4. I can't understand 　　　 a decision until it is too late.

A. him to postpone to make

B. his postpone making

C. his postponing to make

D. his postponing making

5. We were greatly encouraged by the news of China 　　　 another man-made satellite.

A. to have launched

B. to launch

C. launched

D. having launched

6. At six o'clock in the evening, when a cat ran through a truck it narrowly escaped 　　　 over.

A. running

B. to be run

C. from running

D. being run

7. Building that railway was very difficult and involved 　　　 ten tunnels.

A. dig

B. digging

C. to have dug

D. having dug

8. I strongly object 　　　 like a child.

A. to be treated

B. to being treated

C. of being treated

D. of treating

9. That young man still denies 　　　 the fire behind the store.

A. to start

B. having started

C. start

D. to have started

10. The school authority doesn't permit 　　　 on campus.

A. demonstrate

B. to demonstrate

C. to hold a demonstration

D. demonstrating

11. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means 　　　 trouble.

A. making

B. to make

C. to have made

D. having made

12. Do you remember 　　　 to Professor Smith during your last visit?

A. to be introduced

B. having introduced

C. being introduced

D. to have introduced

13. I'm sure your proposal will 　　　 the problem.

A. contribute to solving

B. be contribute to solve

C. contribute to solve

D. be contributed to solving

14. Ann prefers 　　　 taking an examination.

A. writing a term paper than

B. writing a term paper to

C. to write a term paper and

D. to write a term paper than

15. The teacher said that he wouldn't tolerate 　　　 late every day.

A. for me to arrive

B. me arrived

C. me to arrive

D. my arriving

16. Many of the things we do involve 　　　 some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.

A. taking

B. take care

C. to take

D. being taking

17. I don't think you will have any difficulty 　　　 a driving license.

A. for getting

B. to get

C. having got

D. getting

18. The thief caught on the spot by the policeman denied 　　　 anything.

A. to do

B. to have done

C. do

D. doing

19. I will overlook 　　　 so rude to my sister this time but don't let it happen again.

A. you to be

B. your being

C. you to have been

D. you having been

20. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used 　　　 late for his lecture.

A. to have students

B. for students' being

C. for students to be

D. to students' being

21. Technology will play a key role in 　　　 future life-styles.

A. to shape

B. shaping

C. shape of

D. shaped

22. In some countries people favor 　　　 together even though there is much more space.

A. to stay

B. stay

C. staying

D. of staying

23. 　　　 can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.

A. Everybody

B. Anybody

C. Somebody

D. Nobody

24. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children 　　　.

A. were not able to help laughter

B. could not help but laughing

C. could not help laughing

D. could not help to laugh

25. Ted has told me that he always escapes 　　　 as he has got a very fast sports car.

A. to fine

B. to be fined

C. being fined

D. having been fined

26. Shortly after his retirement, the former president 　　　 gardening and hunting.

A. took to

B. took on

C. took in

D. took after

27. Since British Railways introduced its new inter-city expresses, many businessmen have taken 　　　 by train.

A. in traveling

B. to travel

C. to traveling

D. on travel

28. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, 　　　 a far higher price than the same pearls sold individually.

A. in order to bring

B. bringing

C. their bringing

D. bring

29. The traditional approach 　　　 with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

A. to dealing

B. in dealing

C. dealing

D. to deal

30. The supervisor said the school board was considering not 　　　 the students' proposal for the strict administration.

A. to accept

B. accept

C. accepted

D. accepting

31. Nearly every country in the world either claims to be democratic or to be on the way 　　　 democratic.

A. to becoming

B. to become

C. of becoming

D. in becoming

32. The government is believed to be considering 　　　 a law making it crime to import any weapon.

A. to pass

B. to have passed

C. passing

D. having passed

33. The items exhibited are well worth 　　　, and attracted large crowds of visitors in the past few days.

A. seeing

B. to be seen

C. seen

D. to see

34. First designated in 1970, Earth Day has become an annual international event 　　　 concerns about environmental issues such as pollution.

A. dedicated to raising

B. dedicates to raising

C. dedicated to raise

D. dedicates to raise

35. Children objecting to their parents remarrying 　　　 a prevalent social problem.

A. has become

B. have become

C. had become

D. are becoming

36. --Is Henry sick?

--Yes. 　　　 all night in the rain caused him to catch a bad cold.

A. He worked

B. To have worked

C. Him working

D. His working

37. 　　　 theories approximate the truth is the day-to-day business of science.

A. Determining how closely

B. How closely to determine

C. How one determines close

D. One is close to determining

2. 辨别改错。

38. Mr. Smith regretted to blame (A) his secretary for (B) the mistake, for (C) he later discovered (D) it was his own fault.

39. The boy is constantly being told (A) not to scratch the paint off (B) the wall, but he goes on to do (C) it all the same (D).

40. When I consider how talented he is (A) as a painter (B), I cannot help but believing (C) that the public (D) will appreciate his gift.

41. Alice was having (A) trouble to control (B) the children because there were (C) so many (D) of them.

42. Some bosses dislike to allow (A) people to share (B) their responsibilities; they keep all (C) important matters tightly (D) in their own hands.

43. Neither rain nor snow keeps (A) the postman from delivering our letters which (B) we so much (C) look forward to receive (D).

44. Elected (A) to serve in the United States of Representatives in 1968, Shirley Chisholm was known (B) for advocacy (C) the interests of the urban (D) poor.

45. The Moon's gravitational (A) field cannot (B) keep atmospheric gases from escape (C) into space (D).

46. Using (A) carbon-dating techniques, archaeologists can determine the age of many ancient objects (B) by measurement (C) the amount of radioactive carbon they contain (D).

3. 用动词适当形式填空。

47. Jane is only 17 and she has just got her pilot's license. She is the country's youngest girl pilot. "How do you feel, Jane?" I asked her after her test. "Wonderful!" Jane cried. "I enjoy 　　　 (fly) more than anything in the world. I can't imagine 　　　 (let) a week pass without 　　　 (spend) some of my time in the air." "What started 　　　 (you/fly)?" I asked. "I just love 　　　 (travel) in planes. I started 　　　 (learn) to fly when I was very young." "Would you consider 　　　 (fly) as a career?" "I might, but I've got to pass my school exams now. There are some things you can't avoid 　　　 (do)!" "Excuse 　　　 ) (I/ask)," I said, "but does everyone in your family approve of 　　　 (you/fly)?" "Of course!," Jane exclaimed. "I can't imagine 　　　 (anyone/disapprove)." "What's your greatest ambition now?" "I want to learn to drive a car!" Jane said with a big smile.

4. 翻译下列短文（尽量使用动名词）。

论学英语

48. 学习英语就如同盖房子，打好基础（foundation）是第一步。而掌握语法对于学习英语来说，就像盖房子要有坚实的基础一样重要。还有人说，学英语就像学游泳，首先你得根据规则来学游泳，然后要忘记规则，自由地畅游。这都说明语法对于学好英语是必不可少（indispensable）的。掌握了一定的语法知识之后，你还需要每天练习说英文，俗话说熟能生巧，就说明练习的重要性。同时，你还需要多思考，以发掘（explore）语法规则背后的英文思维，正如中国有句古话（proverb）“学而不思则罔”。另外，记单词也很有帮助。不要说你没有语言天赋（aptitude），只要你尽力，你就一定能实现自己的目标！





第六章　分词



现在我们进入到非谓语动词的最后一个语言点——分词。相信很多读者对分词的感受就一个字：难！

的确，笔者个人也认为，分词应该是英文造句规则中最难的一个，但是非常重要，因为它是一种重要的连词成句的手段。在本章中，笔者试图把有关分词的各方面问题都展现给读者，让大家一次就能解决关于分词的问题。这些问题主要在下面8节中详细讲解：

6.1　分词的意义

6.2　分词的作用（一）：状语

6.3　分词的作用（二）：定语

6.4　分词的作用（三）：补足语

6.5　分词作成分要注意的问题

6.6　分词的完成式

6.7　分词的用法总结

6.8　分词构成的复合形容词





本章的8节内容是极为丰富的。在这里，笔者首先要提醒读者朋友，要想真正完全掌握分词的用法，需要从下列三个方面下功夫：

1. 分词的意义：即要掌握现在分词和过去分词各自不同的意义和内涵。一般认为，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。我们大致可以这样理解，但不完全正确，我们将在6.1节进行详细讨论。

2. 分词的作用：即分词在句中充当的语法功能，主要就是作状语和作定语。尤其是作状语的分词，可以表示各种不同的意义以及使用不同的结构。这就包括6.2、6.3、6.4、6.5节的内容。

3. 动词的用法：即需要知道动词的及物性或不及物性。这一点很容易被忽略。因为分词也是动词，而动词的意义和用法必然影响到分词的使用，比如到底该用现在分词还是过去分词。

对于如何综合运用上述这三方面内容，我们将在6.7节举例讨论。下面我们还是先从最基本的内容入手，先来讨论现在分词与过去分词的意义及区别。





6.1　分词的意义

大家都知道，分词（participle）有现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）之分，两者在意义上有差别，而搞清楚这两类分词意义上的差别是正确使用分词的前提。因此，我们对于分词的讨论就由此开始。

对比这两类分词意义的差别要在一定的“生态环境”下进行，这个“生态环境”往往由分词与其所修饰的名词构成。在剖析分词与其所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系的基础上，我们就能够全面了解两类分词的差别。对于两类分词在思维差异方面的讨论，我们主要是通过分词作定语的例子来分析与比较，但分词作状语时二者的区别完全类似。

6.1.1　引言：一个真实的故事

到底是用现在分词作定语还是用过去分词作定语，这主要是取决于分词与其所修饰名词之间的逻辑语义关系，是出于句子意思表达的需要。比如，动词sink与名词ship之间的逻辑关系可以分别用现在分词sinking和过去分词sunken来表达，但二者意思不同，请看下例：

1　1) the sinking ship

2) the sunken ship

妙语点睛　从表面上看起来，这两个短语都可以翻译成“沉船”，但其实二者的含义相去甚远。在短语1）中，the sinking ship相当于the ship that is sinking，表示“正在下沉的船”，即此处的现在分词sinking表示的是一个主动的正在进行的动作。在短语2）中，the sunken ship相当于the ship that has sunken，表示“已沉于水底的船”，即此处的过去分词sunken表达的是一个主动的已经完成的动作。

精品译文　1）正在下沉的船

2）已沉于水底的船

对于上面这两个短语，我们把它们分别使用在不同的语境中，以便读者更深刻地理解。这里讲一个关于Titanic的故事。相信很多读者朋友都看过美国1997年拍摄的大片《泰坦尼克号》（The Titanic），其中有一个场景大家也许还记忆犹新：本来可以坐上救生艇（life boat）逃生的女主角露丝（Rose）毅然抽身回到当时正在下沉的“泰坦尼克”号船（the sinking Titanic）上，要和杰克（Jack）永远在一起。你知道吗？其实这段情节并非虚构，而是源自一个真实的故事。故事的主人公是Mrs. Isidor Straus，她放弃了求生的机会，毅然决定和自己的丈夫Mr. Straus一起沉入了大海。他们的女佣Mabel Bird幸存下来了，她后来让世人知道了这个感人的故事：

“当‘泰坦尼克’号开始下沉的时候，惊恐的妇女和孩子们第一批上了救生艇。当时施特劳斯夫妇非常镇定，他们安慰乘客，帮助他们上救生艇。”

玛贝尔说道：“当时如果不是因为他们俩，我就已经淹死了。我上的是第四或第五艘救生艇，是施特劳斯夫人让我上去的，她还拿了几件厚重的外套让我穿上。”

Then, Mr. Straus begged his wife to get into the lifeboat with her maid and the others. Mrs. Straus started to get in. She had one foot on the gunwale, but then suddenly, she changed her mind, turned away and stepped back onto the sinking ship.（随后，施特劳斯先生就恳求他妻子也上那艘救生艇，于是施特劳斯夫人开始准备上去。但是，当她刚把一条腿跨过船舷时，又突然改变了主意，转身回到了正在下沉的船上）

“亲爱的，请赶快上救生艇吧！”她丈夫恳求道。

施特劳斯夫人深情地凝望着这个与她生活了大半辈子的男人，这个一直是她最为亲密的朋友，她心灵的真正伴侣和灵魂的慰藉。她紧紧地抓住他的手臂，把他颤抖的身体拥入自己怀里。

这就是人们最后见到他们时的场景：当船缓缓下沉的时候，他们手挽手地站在甲板上，这位忠贞的妻子勇敢地紧靠着她的丈夫，这位深情的丈夫也紧靠着他的妻子，保护着她。他们永远在一起……

我们知道，当人们在实施救援行动时，“泰坦尼克”号还没有完全沉没于海底，而是在渐渐下沉，所以要用现在分词sinking来修饰ship，说成the sinking ship，相当于说the ship that was sinking，来表示“（当时）正在下沉的船”的意思。请读者再来看下面短文中sunken的用法：