9.       fracture n. 骨折，破裂，裂缝

　　10.    omission n. 省略，删除

　　11.    reflect v. 反映，显示，反射，深思，反省

　　【巧记】 reflection n. 倒影，反映，表达，非议，批评，深思，考虑

　　12.    realistic a. 现实的，实际可行的，现实主义的，逼真的

　　13.    medium a. 中等的

　　【巧记】 medium a. 中等的，适中的‖medium n. 媒介物，传导体，新闻媒介，传播媒介，手段，工具

　　【搭配】 by/through the medium of 以……为媒介，通过

　　核心词组

　　be rooted in 根植于……    in addition 另外      keep…in mind 记住

　　(总字数：435；单词：279；中文：156)

　　体育类说明文

　　Passage 1

　　体育类说明文。1998年世界杯足球赛结束后，许多失望的球迷仍然对由于裁判不公正而使自己心爱的球队与冠军失之交臂大加指责。有调查研究表明，裁判应该在比赛中处于最佳位置，并以最佳的速度跑动。这位调查者还指出国际足球联认为裁判在45岁要退休的看法是受到了误导。如果紧随球的跑动不是那么重要，裁判的状况也就不重要了。

　　Long after the 1998 Would Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decision than denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees。

　　The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge。

　　Observers noted down the referees errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number。

　　The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters。

　　There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second。

　　If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next Would Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues。

　　He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       curse v. 咒骂，诅咒n. 咒骂，咒语；祸害

　　2.       dispute vt. 争论

　　3.       deny v. 否认，拒绝

　　【巧记】 denial n. 否定，拒绝承认，克制

　　【搭配】 deny doing 否认做……‖There is no denying ……不容否认

　　4.       appoint vt. 任命，委派，约定，指定

　　【巧记】 appointive a. 委任的‖appointer n. 指定人‖appointment n. 约会，约定，任命，委派

　　5.       performance n. 履行，完成，演出，表演

　　【巧记】 perform v. 履行，完成，表演‖performer n. 演奏者

　　6.       involve vt. 使卷入，使参与，牵涉，包含

　　【巧记】 involvement n. 卷入，牵连

　　【搭配】 involve in 与……相关，牵涉到……

　　7.       period n. 一段时间，时间，课时，期间

　　【巧记】 periodic a. 同期的，定时的‖periodical n. 期刊，杂志‖periodically ad. 周期地，定期地

　　8.       charge vt. 装满，收费，使充满，指控，充电n. 收费，罪名，负费，电荷

　　【巧记】 charger n. 委托人

　　【搭配】 be charged with 负……责任，弃满着，被指控‖charge for 收……费‖in charge of ……负责，主管‖take charge 开始管理，接管‖in the charge of 受……的管理

　　9.       error n. 错误，误差

　　10.    convert vt. 使转变，更改

　　【巧记】 convertible a. 可转换的，可转变的，可改变的‖converter n. 转换器

　　11.    analyse vt. 分析，分解

　　【巧记】 analyzable a. 可以分析的‖analysability n. 分析，能力‖analysation 分解，分析‖analyser n. 分析者‖analyst n. 分析者

　　12.    incident n. 事件，事变

　　【巧记】 incidence n. 发生率‖incidental a. 附带的，偶然的‖incidentally ad. 附带地，顺便提及

　　13.    argue vi. 争论，争辩vt. 主张，争论，劝说

　　14.    insistence n. 坚持

　　15.    critical a. 批评的，批判的，挑剔地

　　核心词组

　　in charge 负责任             be converted to sth. 转换，换算为……

　　on average 平均地            keep one’s eyes on 注视

　　rather than 而不是            keep up with 跟上

　　(总字数：389；单词：273；中文：116)

　　Passage 2

　　体育类议论文。体育运动不仅是身体上的挑战，也是智力上的挑战。而对于青少年的身体素质和心理素质也同样是一种挑战，参与比胜负更重要，它能够为青少年提供许多有意义的经历。对于孩子们的学习来说，教练和父母给予的积极评价比批评更有效。

　　Sport is not only physically challenging but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动) Stress can be physical, emotional or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable。

　　The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperated with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and

　　fine a flaw (缺陷) in themselves。

　　Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the spot and other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout。

　　核心词汇

　　1.       physically a. 自然地，物质地，内体上地

　　【巧记】 physical a. 身体的，物质的

　　【搭配】 physical labor 体力劳动‖physical condition 身体状况

　　2.       challenge n. 挑战，艰巨的任务vt. 反对，向……挑战，对……怀疑

　　【巧记】 challenging a. 具有挑战性的‖challenger n. 挑战者

　　3.       mentally ad. 精神上地，脑力地

　　【搭配】 mental labor 脑力，劳动

　　4.       criticism n. 批评，评论