The Outline of American Literature
I Colonial Period (1607—1765)
 Colonial Part: American Puritanism
II Revolutionary Period (1765—1800)
1 The Great Awakening
2 The Enlightenment
III The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)
1 American Romanticism
2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义
IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)
1 Beginning
2 Local Colorism 乡土文学
3 American Naturalism (1908—1918)
V American Modernism (1918—1945)
(I)Modern Poetry
American Modernism first began in poetry.
3 types of poems:
A: Chicago Poets
B: Leading figures in the poetic revolution
---Imagism and New-poetry Movement
C: in-between poets
1 Great playwright of the 1920s
2 playwrights of the 1930s
(II) Modern Novels
1 Lost Generation----Ernest Hemingway
2 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgerald
3 Literature of Depression
4 Literature of the South / the Southern Renaissance
5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s
6 Female Writers
7 Literary critics: New Criticism“新批评派”
8 Black Literature: Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴
(III) American Drama
VI Contemporary Literature (1945--    )
(I) Postwar Novels
(II) Postwar Dramas
(III) Postwar Poetry
(IV) Multiethnic Literature

American Literature
I Colonial Period (1607—1800)
ⅠIntroduction
The period stretches roughly from the settlement of Americans in the early seventeenth century through the end of the eighteenth. The major topic is about American Puritanism, the one enduring influence in American literature.
II American Puritanism
Puritans
English religious and political reformers who fled their native land in search of religious freedom, and settled and colonized New England in the 17th century. They at first wished to reform or “purify” their religious beliefs and practices. To them, religion should be a matter of personal faith rather than a ritual.
Puritanism
Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans.
American Puritanism
The Puritans established their own religious and moral principles known as American Puritanism which became one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few)from God's grace. With such doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to establish a theocracy in the New World. Over the years in the new homeland they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
The main doctrines of American Puritanism
1 They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity. They considered that man was born sinful, was a sinner and could note redeem his original sin.
“In Adam’s fall, we all sin.”
2 Man did not know whether they could be God’s chosen people, but should live a saint-like life at ordinary times according to God’s will. The Holy Bible was the guidebook to man’s behaviors.
3 Puritanism encouraged people to struggle in their career. If one’s business was booming, it proved that he had gained god’s providence. Puritans meant to prove that they were God’s chosen people, enjoying his blessing on this earth as in heaven.
4 Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should.
5 Puritans stressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety. In people’s daily life, religious activities were a matter of first importance and all others should serve the religion. Their lives were disciplined and hard.
Significant change in the character of American Puritans
Practical idealist, doctrinaire opportunist
Comparison between American Puritanism and Chinese Confucianism
Influence of Puritanism on American literature
1 the spirit of optimism bustles out of the pages of many American authors
2 symbolism as a technique has become a common practice in the writing of many American authors
3 simplicity has left an indelible imprint on American writing
Puritan style of writing
The style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, with a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.
III Literary Scene in Colonial Period
(I) form, content and writing style in the literature of the early colonial period
form: personal literature in its various forms;
content: served either God or colonial expansion or both;
writing style: imitated and transplanted English literary traditions
（II）Two sorts of literary figures in Colonial Period
A write for religion
(1) Captain John Smith (1580—1631) 约翰.史密斯船长
Led the first group of immigrants in 1607
Settled down and established the first British colony—Jamestown Colony
A Description of New England 《新英格兰介绍》
The General History of Virginia <弗吉尼亚通史>
(2) William Bradford (1590—1675) 威廉.布雷福德
Led Mayflower in 1620 and arrived at Cape Cod
Established the Plymouth Colony
Of Plymouth Plantation <普利茅斯开发史>
Chapter IV: Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal
4 reasons and causes:
①Escape religious persecution
②For wealth
③For a new and better life
④Having “a great hope and inward zeal” to do the spadework for disseminating “the gospel of the kingdom of Christ” in the new world
(3) John Winthrop (1588—1649) 约翰.温思罗普
Led the first group of Puritans in the Great Immigration in 1630
Captain of Abra
The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
A Model of Christian Charity <基督教博爱的典范>
--manifested the purpose and intention of their journey
(4) Anne Bradstreet (1612—1672) 安妮.布雷特兹里特
Passenger on Abra
On the Burning of My House
To My Dear and Loving Husband
In Reference to My Children
As Weary Pilgrim <疲乏的朝圣者>
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America <美洲最近出现的第十
缪斯>
Several Poems Compiled with a Great Variety of Wit and Learning, Full of Delight <一些风格各异，充满机智和学识的诗歌>
Contemplation <沉思>
(5) Edward Taylor (1642—1729) 爱德华.泰勒
Metrical History of Christianity <基督教史>
God’s Determinations Touching His Elect: and the Elect’s Combat in Their Conversation, and Coming up to God in Christ Together with the Comfortable Effects Thereof <上帝的决心>
Preparatory Meditations 217首<受领圣餐前的自省录>
B write for civil and religious freedom
(1) Roger Williams (1603-1683) 罗杰.威廉斯
The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience
(2) John Woolman (1720-1772) 约翰.乌尔曼
Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes
A Plea for the Poor
The Journal
(3) Thomas Paine (1737—1809) 托马斯.潘恩
Common Sense (<常识>1776);
The American Crisis (<美国危机>Dec. 1776—April 1783);
The Rights of Man (<人的权利>1791—92);
The Age of Reason (<理智时代>1794—95);
(4)Philip Freneau (1752—1832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺
The British Prison ship <英国囚船>
The Rising Glory of America <美洲光辉的兴起>
The Indian Burying Ground <印地安人墓地>
The Wild Honey suckle <野金银花>
(5) Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) 查尔斯.布罗克丹.布朗
Wieland (or The Transformation: An American Tale
Edgar Huntly
Ormond
Arthur Mervyn
2 The 18th Century:
Enlightenment and the Great Awakening
Enlightenment
An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.
The Great Awakening: series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards.
Revolutionary War
The War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.
 (1)Jonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹
Outstanding representative of Puritanism
Personal Narrative (<自述>1740);
Freedom of the Will (<意志的自由>1754);
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend (<原罪说辩>1758);
Images or Shadows of Divine Things (<神灵的形影>)
(2) Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) 本杰明.富兰克林
social reform; scientist;
The Autobiography (<自传>)
Poor Richard’s Almanac (<格言历书>)
“Thirteen Virtues” （13条美德）
1 Temperance: eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation;
2 Silence: speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid trifling conversation;
3 Order: let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
4 Resolution: resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
5 Frugality: make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.
6 Industry: lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
7 Sincerity: use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak, speak accordingly.
8 Justice: wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
9 Moderation: avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10 Cleanliness: tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.
11 Tranquility: be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12 Chastity: rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.
13 Humility: imitate Jesus and Socrates.

(3) Thomas Jefferson (1743—1862) 托马斯.杰斐逊
3rd President of the U. S.
Declaration of Independence (<独立宣言>1776)
II The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)
1 American Romanticism
Romance
Emotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with the Romantic period.
Romanticism
A reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevated the individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.
Neoclassicism
An 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.
(1) Washington Irving (1783—1859) 华盛顿.欧文
father of American literature
the first American writer of imaginative literature
inspiring the American romantic imagination
The Sketch Book or The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon <见闻札记>
“Rip Van Winkle” <里普.凡.温克尔>
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” <睡谷的传说>
(2) James Fenimore Cooper (1789—1851) 詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏
The Spy  <间谍> (1821)
The Leather-Stocking Tales <皮袜子五部曲>：
The Pioneers <开拓者>（1823）
The Last of the Mohicans <最后的莫希干人> (1826)
The Prairie  <草原> (1827)
The Pathfinder <探路者> (1840)
The Deerslayer <杀鹿者> (1841)
2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义
or American Renaissance
Transcendentalism
A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.

(1) Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882) 拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生
 
A founder of the Transcendental movement. Moreover, Emerson was not only the shaper of a distinctly American philosophy embracing optimism, individuality, and mysticism, but one of the most influential figures of the nineteenth century. The American Scholar, an address delivered before Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa Society, attacked American dependence on European thought urged the creation of a new literary heritage Language
Transcendentalist Club
The Dial <日晷>杂志
Nature <论自然>
Self Reliance <论自立>
Essays: First Series <散文选：第一集>
Essays: Second Series <散文选：第二集>
Representative Men <代表性人物>
English Traits <英国人的特性>
The Conduct of Life <论为人处事>
(2) Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862) 亨利.大卫.梭罗

 
Walden is now considered one of the best-selling books in the history of American literature, and its critical reputation continues to grow as much as its popular acceptance. In addition, Walden has long been a staple of the American literature curriculum at universities in the U.S
Waldon or Life in the Woods <沃尔登/华尔腾or林中生活>
Civil Disobedience <非暴力反抗>or<论公民的不服从>
The Maine Woods <缅因森林>
Letters to Various Person <书信集>
(3) Edgar Allan Poe （1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡
Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic
Most controversial and misunderstood in America
Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France
A: Poems
To Helen  <献给海伦>
The Raven  <乌鸦>
Israfel  <伊斯拉菲尔>
B: Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque
MS. Found in a Bottle  <在瓶子里发现的手稿>
The Fall of the House of Usher  <厄舍古屋的倒塌>
The Masque of the Red Death  <红色死亡的化妆舞会>
C: literary theory
The Poetic Principle <诗歌原理>
The Philosophy of Composition <创作哲学>
Review of Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的<故事重述>
3 Romantic Poets:
(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807—1882) 亨利.华兹渥斯.朗费罗
Voices of the Night <夜籁集>--catch the attention
Ballads and Other Poems <歌谣及其它>
Evangeline <伊凡吉林>
Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha <海华莎之歌>
The Courtship of Miles Standish <麦尔思.斯丹狄士的求婚>
Tales of a Wayside Inn <路边酒肆的故事>
(2) Walt Whitman (1819—1892) 沃尔特.惠特曼
 
The greatest Romantic poet in the 19th century
Leaves of Grass (1855)<草叶集>
Drum-taps (1865) <桴鼓集>
(3) Emily Dickinson (1830—1886) 艾米莉.狄金森
 
Great female productive American poet
Write about common things in daily life
Poetry of Emily Dickson (1955) <艾米莉.狄金森诗集>:
Because I Could Not Stop for Death <因为我不能等待死神>
I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died <我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声>
My Life Closed Twice before Its Close <我从未失掉过这么多但有两次
4 Romantic Novelists:
(1) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864) 纳撒尼尔.霍桑
affected by Puritanism and enlightened by Transcendentalism
pioneer of psychological novel 心理小说的开创者
wrote about the dark side of society and human nature
using symbolism
The Scarlet Letter <红字>
(2) Herman Melville (1819—1891) 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
sailor and whale-hunter
Moby Dcik <白鯨>
5 Slavery-Abolishing Movement: 废奴运动
Abolitionism
Active movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.

(1) Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811—1896) 哈丽特.比彻.斯托夫人
Uncle Tom’s Cabin <汤姆叔叔的小屋>
Dred, a Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp <德雷德，阴暗的大沼泽地的故事>
The Civil War (1861—1865) brought the Romantic period to an end
IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)
A reaction against “the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism”
3 great advocators of American realistic literature in the 19th century
William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温
1 Beginning
(1) William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Novelist, literary critic and playwright
Standard-bearer of realistic literature 现实主义文学的旗手
Made for the triumph of realism over romanticism
Remained for over 3 decades the de facto dean of American literature
The Rise of Silas Lapman <赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹>
(2) Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Master of psychological realism 心理现实主义的大师
novelist of psychological analysis 心理分析小说家
pioneer of American Stream of Consciousness 意识流文学先驱
Novel of manners 世态小说
Daisy Miller <苔瑟.密勒>
The Portrait of a Lady <贵夫人画像>
2 Local Colorism 乡土文学
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温

pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔.朗荷恩.克莱门斯
Famous American humorous novelist
The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) <卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙>
Innocents Abroad  (1869) <傻子国外旅行记>
Roughing It (1872) <艰苦岁月>
The Gilded Age  (1873) <镀金时代>
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer  (1876) <汤姆.索亚历险记>
The Prince and the Pauper (1881) <王子和贫儿>
Life on the Mississippi  (1883) <密西西比河上>
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  (1886)<哈克贝里.费恩历险记>
----fathered Modern American literature
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) <在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人>
3 American Naturalism (the last decade of the 19th century)
Naturalism
Late 19th- and early 20th-century literary approach of French origin that vividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings as helpless victims of larger social and economic forces.

(1) Stephen Crane (1871—1900) 斯蒂芬.克兰
American novelist and poet
Writer and journalist
Novels:
Maggie, A Girl of the Street <街头女郎玛琪>
----the first naturalistic work in American literature history
The Red Badge of Courage <红色英勇勋章>
(2) Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945) 西奥多.德莱塞
American naturalistic writer
Journalist
Sister Carrie <嘉莉妹妹>
Jennie Gerhardt <珍妮姑娘>
The Financier <金融家>
The Titan <巨头>
The “Genius” <天才>
An American Tragedy <美国的悲剧>----the greatest American novel
(3) O. Henry (1862—1910) 欧.亨利
William Sydney 威廉.辛德尼
Short-story writers:
The Gift of Magi <麦琪的礼物>
The Cop and The Anthem <警察与赞美诗>
Ironic coincidence and surprising ending
(4) Jack London (1876—1916) 杰克.伦敦
Martin Eden <马丁.伊登>----semi-autobiography
The Call of the Wild <野性的呼唤>
White Fang <白芳>
4 muckrakers 黑幕揭发者
journalists in majority
expose the greed and cruelty of big businesses as well as the corruption of political circles
①Upton Sinclair (1878—1968) 厄普顿.辛克莱
The Jungle <屠场>--Chicago slaughterhouse
②David Graham Phillips (1867—1911) 大卫.格雷厄姆.菲利普斯
③Robert Herrick (1868—1938) 罗伯特.赫里克
V American Modernism (1918—1945) 现代主义时期
American Modernism first began in poetry.
Chicago : the revolutionary center against traditional poetry
Poetry <诗刊> (a magazine)
(I) Poems Between Two Centuries ( the 19th and 20th centuries):
3 types of poems:
A: Chicago Poets
Adhere to the tradition of Whitman
Reflect feelings of laboring people
(1) Carl Sandburg (1878—1967)卡尔.桑德堡
 
American modern poet and biographical writer
Benefit from his humble personal backgrounds and rich experience
Write plain poems for plain people “为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”
To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”
Contribution to colloquial style of American literature
be awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920
be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950
<诗歌全集>
In Reckless Ecstasy <心醉神迷>
Chicago Poems <芝加哥诗集>
Famous Imagist poems:
Fog <雾>
Lost <失落>
The Harbor <港口>←→Chicago <芝加哥>
Cool Tombs <清冷的墓>
I Am the People, the Mob <我是人民群众>
The People, Yes <人民，是的>
The American Songbag <美国歌集>
--folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black people
Biography of Lincoln  (6 volumes) <林肯传>
1 autobiography
1 historical novel
Cornhuskers  <碾米机>
Smoke and Steel <烟与钢>
Good Morning, America <早安，美国>
Collected Poems <诗集>
B: Leading figures in the poetic revolution
Imagism and New-poetry Movement
(1) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) 埃兹拉.庞德
a Established Imagism（意象派）with British poet T. E. Hulme in 1908;
(1908—1917) T. E. 休姆 (1883—1917)
b Suggested 3 principles for Imagism with Richard Aldington （理查德.奥尔丁顿）and Hilda Doolittle (1886—1961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）
c Sponsored Vorticism (漩涡主义) with painter Windham Lewis
(1882—1957) (温德姆.刘易斯) in 1914;
d the leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years of the 20th century
e father of modern American poetry
Personae (1909) 《人物》
Exultations (1909) 《狂喜》
Cathay (1915) 译著《华夏》
Homage to Sextus Propertius (1917) 《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley <休.赛尔温.毛伯利> (1920)
The Cantos <诗章>
(2) William Carlos Williams (1883—1963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯
The Red Wheelbarrow <红色手推车>
Paterson <佩特森>
unique theory on literary composition
“say it! No ideas but in things.” (Book I, Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”
Free verse and accentual verse 自由体诗、重音诗
a most important figure in modern American poetry
(3) T. S. Eliot (1888—1972) T. S. 艾略特
famous American poet, playwright and critic
major figure in New Poetry Movement
a key to modern British and American poetry了解现代美国诗歌的钥匙
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock <J. 阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌>
Gerontion <小老头>
The Waste Land <荒原>
The Hollow Men <空心人>
Ash-Wednesday <圣灰节>
Four Quartets <四个四重奏>
(4) E. E. Cummings (1894—1962) 卡明斯
Poet and modern painter
Against traditional poetry with bold attempts at composing poems
Unique style
Cubism & Dadaism--guide his poems 以立体派、达达派风格指导诗歌创作
Tulips and Chimneys <郁金香和烟囱>
XLI Poems <诗四十一首>
Is 5 <是5>
No thanks <不谢>
Complete Poems <全集>
Drama: Him <他>
Santa Claus <圣诞老人>
Prose:
The Enormous Room--4 months’ wrong experience in prison
<巨大的房间>
Eimi—his experience in Russia <艾米>
Six Non-lectures—speeches at Harvard <六个非讲座>
C: in-between poets
1 Robert Frost (1874—1963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特
Robert Frost (1874-1963):
 
Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry.
The Road Not Taken
Mending Wall
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

“New England poet”
My butterfly <我的蝴蝶>
A Boy’s Will <少年的意志>
North of Boston <波士顿以北>
Mountain Interval <山间>
New Hampshire <新罕布什尔>
West-Running Brook <向西流去的小溪>
A Further Range <又一片牧场>
Mending Wall <修墙>
After Apple-Picking <摘苹果之后>
The Birches <白桦树>
A Witness Tree <见证树>
Steeple Bush <尖塔丛>
A Masque of Mercy <假慈悲>
Collected Poems <诗选>
Complete Poems <诗歌全集>
In the Clearing <林间空地>
won Pulitzer Prize 4 times
Appointed as professor or visiting poet by dozens of universities
Be entitled “national poet” by American senate at age of 75
Recited his poem The Gift Outright on Inauguration Day of John Kennedy <全心全意的奉献>
Last poem at age of 88
(II) American Drama
Disapproved by Puritanism, American drama started late and developed slowly. European drama entered its heyday at the end of the 19th century. Many small theatres appeared in America under the influence of European drama. Famous ones are as follows:
Washington Square Theatre in 1915→Theatre Guild in 1919剧院协会
Provincetown Theatre in 1915 普罗文斯敦剧社
Group Theatre in 1931  同仁剧社
1 Great playwright of the 1920s
Eugene O’Neil (1888—1953) 尤金.奥尼尔
America’s greatest playwright
American Shakespeare
A prize-winning playwright:
4 times won the Pulitzer Prize (1920; 1922; 1928; 1957)
and one time won the Nobel Prize (1936)
Beyond the Horizon <天边外>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1920
(reality destroy people’s ideal life)
Anna Christie <安娜.克里斯蒂>–the Pulitzer Prize in 1922
the Nobel Prize in 1936 for the above two
Bound East for Cardiff <东航加迪夫> (1916)
In the Zone 《在这一带》(1917)
The Long Voyage Home 《漫长的返航》(1917)
The Moon of the Caribbean 《加勒比的月亮》 (1918)
Emperor Jones <琼斯皇帝> (1920)
The Hairy Ape <毛猿> (1922)
--workers be treated as animals in capitalist society
Desire under the Elms <榆树下的欲望> (1924)
--bourgeoisie families fought for property and its consequences
The Great God Brown <大神布朗> (1926)
Strange Interlude <奇妙的插曲> (1928)
Lazarus Laughed <拉散路笑了>
Mourning Becomes Electra <悲悼> (1931)
Ah, Wilderness <啊，荒野> (the only comedy)
The Iceman Cometh <卖冰的人来了>--people’s void and despair during the 30s crisis
Long Day’s Journey into Night （on stage after death）<进入黑夜的漫长旅程>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1957
The above two underlined –the best works
2 playwrights of the 1930s
Clifford Odets (1906—1963) 克利福德.奥德茨
born in Philadelphia and reared in the Bronx
quit school at 15 to become an actor
a founder of Group Theatre after acting with the Theatre Guild
Waiting for Lefty <等待老左> (one-act play dealing with a taxi strike)
(III) Novels Between Two World Wars
1 Lost Generation----Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) 厄内斯特.海明威
 
Outstanding modern American novelist
journalist & war experience
Three stories and Ten Poems (1923) 《三篇短篇小说和十首诗》
In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》
--a new shining literary star with unique style
The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照样升起》—the first long novel
A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》
Death in the Afternoon (1932) 《午后之死》
Green Hills of Africa (1935) 《非洲的青山》
Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》
To Have and Have Not (1937) 《富有与贫穷》
For whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》
Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954
2 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgerald
outstanding American novelist
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 弗.司各特.菲茨杰拉德
The Romantic Egoist 《浪漫的利己主义者》―→
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Flappers and Philosophers (1921) 《轻佻女郎与哲学家》
Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
The Beautiful and Damned (1922) 《漂亮冤家》
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 《大如里兹饭店的钻石》(a short story)
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《大人物盖茨比》
All the Sad Young Men (1926) 《一代悲哀的年轻人》
---(a collection of short stories)
Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后的一个巨头》
3 Literature of Depression:
① John Steinbeck （1902—1968）约翰.斯坦贝克
American novelist
Write long novels, plays, short stories, travel notes and news etc.
Of Mice and Men (1937) 《鼠与人》
The Grapes of Wrath (1938) 《愤怒的葡萄》
②John Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰.多斯.帕索斯
American novelist & social historian
Write novels, plays, reportage, travel notes and prose etc.
Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》
U.S. A. 《美国》三部曲：
The Forty-Second Parallel (1930) 《北纬四十二度》
1919 (1932) 《一九一九》
The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》
His achievement in composition earned him reputation
4 Literature of the South / the Southern Renaissance
The Virginia Review  《弗吉尼亚评论》(1925)
The Fugitives “逃亡者派”/ Agrarian“重农学派”
The Fugitives 《逃亡者》杂志
Southern Review 《南方评论》杂志→
Kenyon Review 《肯庸评论》杂志→
The New Criticism 新批评派
(1) William Faulkner (1897—1962) 威廉.福克纳
 modern novelist
19 novels and 3 collections of more than 70 short stories
The Marble Faun (1924) 《玉石收神》
The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧哗与骚动》
Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》
(2) Katherine Anne Porter (1890—1980) 凯瑟琳.安.波特
female writer born in Texas of a family with a long southern heritage
educated in convent and private schools
later traveled widely
the settings for her fiction, in addition to her native state, include Mexico, where she lived for some time, and Germany, where she resided more briefly.
The Flowering Judas (1930) 《开花的紫荆树》
The Leaning Tower (1944) 《斜塔》
A Ship of Fools (1962) 《愚人船》
(3) John Crowe Ransom (1888—1974) 约翰.克劳伍.兰塞姆
Tennessee poet
A Rhodes Scholar at Oxford (1913)
A member of the English department of Vanderbilt University
A leader of the Agrarian
An editor of The Fugitives
Founded and edited Kenyon Review
Placed stress on New Criticism
Contributed to the Agrarian anthology: I’ll Take My Stand
5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s
(1) Gertrude Stein (1874—1946) 格特鲁德.斯泰因/斯坦
Born in Pennsylvania
Educated abroad
Went abroad in 1902 where she lived until her death
Her salon in France
Three Lives (1909) 《三个女人的一生》
(2) Sherwood Anderson (1876—1941) 舍伍德.安德森
Windy McPherson’s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克逊的儿子》
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小城畸人》
The Triumph of the Egg and Other stories (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利及其它》
Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933) 《林中之死及其它》
A Story-Teller’s Story (1924) 《讲故事人的故事》
(3) Sinclair Lewis (1885—1951) 辛克莱.刘易斯
Editor & journalist
22 novels
novelist of social problems 社会问题小说家
plot: escape--seek--compromise
first American author awarded the Nobel Prize (in 1930)
Our Mr. Wrenn (1941) 《我们的霍恩先生》
Babbitt (1922) 《巴比特》
Main Street (1920) 《大街》
Arrowsmith (1925) 《阿罗史密斯》
Elmer Gantry (1927) 《艾尔默.甘特利》
Dodsworth (1929) 《多滋沃斯》
It Can’t Happen Here (1935) 《这不可能在这里发生》
6 Female Writers
(1) Edith Wharton (1862—1937) 伊迪丝.华顿
Born in a distinguished New York family
Privately educated in U.S. and abroad
The House of Mirth (1905)《快乐之家》
--story of a New York girl whose attempts to make a brilliant marriage lead to ostracism because she breaks conventional standards;
(2) Ellen Glasgow (1874—1945) 艾伦.格拉斯哥
Born in Richmond, Virginia, of an aristocratic southern family
The Descendant (1897)--her first novel
The Barren Ground (1925)《荒芜的土地》
The Romantic Comedians (1926)《浪漫主义喜剧演员》
(3) Willa Cather (1873—1947) 维拉.凯瑟
Novelist, short-story teller & poet
Born in Virginia and moved to Nebraska (immigrants)
University of Nebraska
The Sculptor’s Funeral 《雕刻家的葬礼》
A Lost Lady (1923)《一个沉沦的妇女》
The Professor’s House (1925)《教授的住宅》
Death Comes to the Archbishop (1927)《死神迎接大主教》
Shadow on the Rock (1931) 《磐石上的阴影》
7 Literary critics:
New Criticism“新批评派”
---literary analysis identified mainly with concentration on elements of an isolated literary work (usually a poem) as they illuminate the whole. It concentrates on semantics, meter, imagery, metaphor, and symbol and deals with the work’s tone, texture, and tensions to explicate a fused form and content in a piece of writing, rather than dealing with the relation of that piece to an age, a tradition, or an author’s whole body of writing.
(1) Cleanth Brooks (1906—1994) 克里恩斯.布鲁克斯
 
literary critic
eminent among the New Critics of the mid-20th century
studied at Vanderbilt University
---where he was a student of J. C. Ransom and met R. P. Warren
then at Tulane University
Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University
a professor of English at Yale College
The Well-Wrought Urn (1947)---his best-known work
Modern Poetry and The Tradition (1939)
(2) Malcolm Cowley (1898—1989) 马尔科姆.考利
born in Pennsylvania
served in World War I
graduated from Harvard (1920)
later became an expatriate in France
Exiles’ Return / Exile’s Return: A Narrative of Ideas
《流放者归来》(1934, revised in 1951)
8 Black Literature
Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴
The white intellectuals were tired of the old habits, traditions and lives after W. W. I, and showed increasing interests in black culture and music. As a result, black culture developed greatly.
(1) Langston Hughes (1902—1946) 兰斯顿.休斯

Missouri-born major figure of the Harlem Renaissance
black poet, novelist and playwright
had a nomadic life in the U. S. and Europe
The Weary Blues (1926)《萎靡的布鲁斯》
Fine Clothes to the Jew (1927) 《献给犹太人的好衣裳》
Not Without Laughter (1930) 《不是没有笑声》---long novel
The Ways of White Folks (1934) 《白人的行径》
Simple Speaks of His Mind (1950) 《辛普尔倾吐衷情》
The Best of Simple (1961) 《辛普尔的高明》
Simple’s Uncle Tom (1965) 《辛普尔的山姆叔叔》
The Big Sea (1940) 《大海》
I wonder as I Wander (1956) 《我徘徊，我彷徨》
Laurel poet of Harlem
(2) Richard Wright (1908—1960) 理查德.赖特
self-educated black author
Uncle Tom’s Children (1938)《汤姆大叔的孩子们》
Native Son (1940)《土生子》
Black Boy: A Record of Childhood (1945)《黑孩子》
VI Contemporary Literature (1945--    ) 当代文学
I Postwar American Novels
(I) Background
So much has occurred since 1945 that recent American literature, dealing with the new experience, has acquired an imposing stature. The postwar prosperity produced a sense of optimism, which was, however, very soon vitiated by the “Cold War” between the powers. Crisis was impending. Chaos became institutionalized. A sense of life being absurd undercut the very existence of man. The life of the 1950s was poisoned at the root by McCarthyism, and that of the 60s enriched by the Civil Rights movement, the appearance of a counter culture, and an upsurge of feminism and feminist power. Whereas the Vietnam War weighed all the time on the consciousness of the people, life was complicated by violence, political or racial, including the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King. Everything seemed to be subjected to a prevailing skepticism. New advances in science and technology have given people an increasing sense of power, but have also further deprived life of its mysteries. The representation of the multifaceted life of postwar America has remained the reward and despair of the writers who began to publish after the war.
This is a very interesting period in the history of American literature, invigorated as it is with robust energy and bustling with creative activity. The new generation of authors has proved their newness and competence by a wide range of experimentation that would have dazzled even their brilliantly original predecessors like Faulkner and Hemingway. The following types of novels came to public notice in the years from the end of the war through 1960: the war novel, the southern novel, the Jewish novel, the Beat novel and alienation, the Black novel, and satire and the novel of manners（战争小说，南方小说、犹太人小说、颓废小说、黑人小说、讽刺与风俗小说）. And the period after that has been one in which American fiction is noted for its fantasy and surrealism, its nonfiction, science fiction, black or absurd humor, parody and pop, and its experimental novelistic techniques（梦幻与超现实主义小说、非虚构小说、科幻小说、黑色或荒诞幽默小说、模仿与通俗小说、实验主义小说.
Post-modernism
Media-influenced aesthetic sensibility of the late 20th century characterized by open-endedness and collage. Post-modernism questions the foundations of cultural and artistic forms through self-referential irony and the juxtaposition of elements from popular culture and electronic technology.
Surrealism
European literary and artistic movement that uses illogical, dreamlike images and events to suggest the unconscious.

Three characteristics of contemporary novels:
1 the beat generation 垮掉的一代
2 black humor 黑色幽默
3 identity 自我本质
Beat Movement:
a bohemian rebellion against established society which came to prominence about 1956 and had its centers in San Francisco and New York. The term “Beat “ expressed both exhaustion and beatification in that the writers, tired of conventional society, and disgusted by it, believed that thoroughgoing disaffiliation from all aspects of the manners and mores of what they saw as a corrupt, crass, commercial world would bring its own kind of blissful illumination, aided by drink and drugs. Writers of the movement expressed their views in their own “hip” vocabulary, combined with phrases from Buddhism, by which they were influenced,.
1 War Novel
40s—50s
(1) John Hersey 约翰.赫西
A Bell for Adano 《阿丹诺之钟》
(2) Norman Mailer 诺曼.梅勒
The Naked and the Dead《裸者和死者》
(3) John Hawks 约翰.霍克斯
The Cannibal 《食人者》
(4) James Jones 詹姆斯.琼斯
From Here to Eternity《从这里到永恒》
(5) Irwin Shaw  (1913—1984)  欧文.肖
The Young Lions  <幼狮>
after 50s
(6) Thomas Berger托马斯.伯杰
Crazy in Berlin 《疯狂的柏林》
(7) Joseph Heller 约瑟夫.海勒
Catch-22《第22条军规》
(8) Kurt Vonnegut Jr.库尔特.冯尼戈特
Slaughterhouse-Five 《第五号屠场》
2 the southern novel
(1) Eudora Welty 尤多拉.韦尔蒂
Short stories
The Golden Apple 《金苹果》
The Bride of Innisfallen 《英尼斯福伦的新娘》
Death of a Traveling Salesman 《旅行推销员之死》1936
(2) Carson McCullers 卡森.麦卡勒斯
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter 《心是孤独的猎人》1940
The Ballad of the Sad Café 《悲伤的咖啡馆之歌》1943/1951
(3) Truman Capote 杜鲁门.卡波特
Other Voices, Other Rooms 《其它的声音，其它的房间》
(4) William Styron 威廉.斯太伦
Lie Down in Darkness《在黑暗中躺下》
(5) Flannery O’Connor弗兰纳里.奥康纳
Wise Blood 《智慧血》
A Good Man Is Hard to Find《好人难寻》
(6) Walker Persy 沃克.珀西
Moviegoer 《电影迷》
(7) Reynolds Price 雷诺兹.普赖斯
A Long and Happy Life 《久长的幸福生活》
3 the Jewish novel
(1) Henry Roth 亨利.罗斯  (30s)
(2) Nathanael West 纳撒尼尔.韦斯特 (30s)
(3) Saul Bellow索尔.贝洛
Dangling Man 《晃来晃去的人》
Mr. Sammler’s Planet  <赛姆勒先生的行星>
The Adventures of Augie March《奥吉.马奇历险记》
The Victim 《受害者》
Seize the Day 《只争朝夕》
Henderson the Rain King 《雨王汉德森》
Herzog 《赫尔佐格》
Humboldt’s Gift 《洪堡的礼物》
(4) Norman Mailer诺曼.梅勒
(5) Isaac Bashevis Singer 艾萨克.巴谢维斯.辛格
(6) Bernard Malamud伯纳德.马拉默德
The Fixer《装配工》
The Assistant《店员》
The Tenant  <房客>
The Magic Barrel  <魔桶>短篇小说集
(7) Philip Roth菲利普.罗斯
Letting Go 《放手》
Goodbye, Columbus 《再见，哥伦布》
Portnoy’s Complaint 《波特诺依的抱怨》
The Ghost Writer  <鬼作家>
Zuckerman Unbound  <解放了的朱克曼>
The Anatomy Lesson  <解剖学课>
(8) J. D. Salinger  (1919--    )  塞林格
Catcher in the Rye  <麦田的守望者>
(9) Edward Lewis Wallant 爱德华.刘易斯.沃伦特
The Pawnbroker 《当铺老板》
4 the Beat novel and alienation 颓废小说
(1) John Clellon Holmes 约翰.克莱龙.霍姆斯
Go 《干》
(2) Jack Kerouac (1922—1969) 杰克.凯鲁亚克
On the Road  《在路上》
(3) William Burroughs 威廉.巴勒斯
Junkie 《毒品犯子》
Naked Lunch 《简单的午餐》
(4) Lawrence Ferlinghetti 劳伦斯.弗林杰提
Her 《她》
(5) Ken Kesey 肯.凯西
One Flew Over the Cucoo’s Nest 《飞越杜鹃巢》
(3) Hubbert Selby 赫伯特.塞尔比
Last Exit to Brooklyn《布鲁克林的最后出口》
(4) Jack Gelber
On Ice 《在冰上》
5 satire and the novel of manners 讽刺与风俗/世态小说
(1) Jean Stafford 琼.斯塔福德
Boston Adventures 《波士顿历险记》
(2) May McCarthy 玛丽.麦卡锡
The Groves of Academe 《学院小树林》
Birds of America《美国人》
(3) John Cheever 约翰.契弗
The Wapshot Chronicle 《韦普肖纪事》
The Wapshot Scandal 《韦普肖丑闻》
(4) John Updike 约翰.厄普代克
Couples 《双双对对》
Rabbit Run 《兔子，跑吧》
Rabbit Redux 《兔子回来了》
Rabbit Is Rich 《兔子富了》
Rabbit at Rest 《兔子安息了》
(5) Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳.安.波特
Ship of Fools 《愚人船》
(6) Jacqueline Susan 杰奎琳.苏珊
Valley of Dolls 《玩偶的山谷》
(7) Joyce Carol Oates 乔伊斯.卡罗尔.欧茨
Them 《他们》
Wonderland 《奇境》
Do With Me What You Will 《随你拿我怎么办》
6 black humor or absurd novels 黑色幽默荒诞小说
(1) Joseph Heller 约瑟夫.海勒
Catch-22《第22条军规》
(1) Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔.纳博科夫
  Lolita 《罗丽塔》
(3) Kurt Vonnegut Jr.库尔特.冯尼戈特
Slaughterhouse-Five 《第五号屠场》
(2) Thomas Pynchon 托马斯.品钦
 V. 《V》
Gravity’s Rainbow 《引力之虹》
(4) Donald Barthelme 唐纳德.巴塞尔姆
Snow White 《白雪公主》
(5) John Barth 约翰.巴斯
The Sot-Weed Factor 《烟草代理商》
Giles Goat-Boy《羊童子贾尔斯》
(6) Ken Kesey 肯.凯西
One Flew Over the Cucoo’s Nest 《飞越杜鹃巢》
(7) J. P. Donleavy 唐里维
The Ginger Man 《赤发人》
(8) Terry Southern 特里.沙瑟恩
The Magic Christian 《有魔力的基督教徒》
(9) Bruce Jay Friedman 布鲁斯.泽伊.伏里德曼
《母亲的吻》
(10) Thomas Berger托马斯.伯杰
Little Big Man《小大人》
7 experimental novelistic techniques 实验小说
  or metafiction 准小说
or avant-garde 前卫小说
(1) John Barth 约翰.巴斯
 Lost in the Funhouse 《迷失在娱乐场中》
(2) Donald Barthelme 唐纳德.巴塞尔姆
Snow White 《白雪公主》
(2) William Gass 威廉.加斯
Willie Master’s Lonesome Wife 《威利. 马斯特的孤独的妻子》
(3) Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔.纳博科夫
Pale Fire 《灰火》
(3) Thomas Pynchon 托马斯.品钦
  V. 《V》
(5) William Burroughs 威廉.巴勒斯
Naked Lunch 《简单的午餐》
(6) Jack Kerouac 杰克.凯鲁亚克
On the Road  《在路上》
8 parody and pop模仿与通俗小说
(1) John Barth 约翰.巴斯
The Sot-Weed Factor 《烟草代理商》
(2) Donald Barthelme 唐纳德.巴塞尔姆
Snow White 《白雪公主》
(3) E. L. Doctorow 多克托罗
Ragtime 《拉格泰姆》
(4) Thomas Berger托马斯.伯杰
Little Big Man《小大人》
(5) Norman Mailer 诺曼.梅勒
 An American Dream 《美国梦》
(6) Kurt Vonnegut Jr.库尔特.冯尼戈特
 Cat’s Cradle 《猫的摇篮》
9 fantasy and surrealism 梦幻与超现实主义小说
(1) James Purdy 詹姆斯.珀迪
Malcolm 《马尔科姆》
(2) John Hawks 约翰.霍克斯
Second Skin 《第二层皮》
(3) Robert Coover 罗伯特.库弗
The Universal Baseball Association, Inc. 《宇宙垒球协会有限公司》
(4) Philip Roth菲利普.罗斯
 The Breast 《乳房》
10 nonfiction (60s):非虚构小说/新新闻体小说
(1) Truman Capote 杜鲁门.卡波特
In Cold Blood 《冷血》/ <凶杀>
(2) William Styron 威廉.斯太伦
 The Confessions of Nat Turner 《纳特.特纳的自白》
(3) Norman Mailer 诺曼.梅勒
Armies of the Night 《夜晚的军队》
Of a Fire on the Moon《月球上的火光》
(3) Tom Wolfe 汤姆.乌尔夫
The Electric Cool-Aid Acid Test 《电力儿童饮料酸性实验》
11 science fiction
(1) Kurt Vonnegut Jr.库尔特.冯尼戈特
The Sirens of Titan 《泰坦海妖》
(2) William Burroughs 威廉.巴勒斯
Nova Express 《新星快车》
(3) R. A. Heinlein 海因兰
Stranger in a Strange Land 《异乡异客》
II Postwar American drama
(I) theatre of the absurd  荒诞派戏剧
1 William Inge  (1913—1973)  威廉.英奇
Come Back, Little Sheba  (1950)   <回来吧,小希巴>
Picnic  (1953, Pulitzer Prize)  <野餐>
2 Tennessee Williams  (1911--1983)  田纳西.威廉斯
The Glass Menagerie  (1945)  <玻璃动物园>
A Streetcar Named Desire (1974) <欲望号街车>
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof  (1955)  <热铁皮屋顶上的猫>
Night of Iguana  (1961)  <鬣蜥之夜>
The Rose Tatoo  (1951)  <玫瑰刺花>
The Milk Train Doesn’t Stop Here Anymore (1962)
<牛奶车不再在此停留>
3 Arthur Miller  (1915--     ) 阿瑟.米勒
All My Sons  <全是我的儿子>
Death of a Salesman  (1949, Pulitzer Prize) <推销员之死>
The Crucible  (1953)  <炼狱>
After the Fall  (1964)  <堕落之后>
Incident at Vichy  (1964)  <维希事件>
The Price  (1968)  <代价>
4 Edward Albee  (1928--    ) 爱德华.阿尔比
Who ‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962)  <谁害怕弗吉尼亚.沃尔夫?>
The Zoo Story  <动物园的故事>
The American Dream  <美国梦>
5 Sam Shepard  (1943--    ) 山姆.谢波德
Buried Child  <埋掉的孩子>
6 David Mamet  (1947--    ) 大卫.玛迈特
American Buffalo  <美国水牛>
(II) realistic or naturalistic drama  现实主义或自然主义戏剧
1 Albert Innaurato  阿尔伯特.印诺瑞托
Gemini  (1977)  <双胞座>
2 Beth Henley  (1952--    )  贝斯.汉利
Crimes of the Heart  (1979, Pulitzer Prize)  <心之罪>
3 August Wilson  奥古斯特.威尔逊
Joe Turner’s Come and Gone  (1988)  <乔.特纳的来去>
4 Marsha Norman 玛莎.诺曼
‘night, Mother   (1983)  <晚安, 妈妈>
5 Tina Howe 蒂娜.豪
Painting Churches  (1983)  <刷教堂>
(III) experimental drama  实验性戏剧
1 David Henry Hwang 大卫.亨利.黄
The Sound of a Voice  (1983)   <声音之响>
2 Caryl Churchil  卡里欧.丘吉尔
Top Girls  (1982)  <高级女郎>
3 Tony Kushner  托尼.库什纳
Angels in America  <美国的天使>
4 Sanchez-Scott  桑彻斯-司各特
The Cuban Swimmer  (1984)  <古巴游泳者>
(IV) multiethnic drama 多种族剧作
1 African-American playwrights 非裔美国剧作家
(1) Lorraine Hansberry  (1930—1965) 洛瑞妮.汉斯贝里
female
Raisin in the Sun 《阳光下的葡萄干》
(2) August Wilson  奥古斯特.威尔逊
(3) Sonia Sanchez 索尼娅.桑彻兹
(4) Alice Childress 艾丽斯.柴尔戴里斯
(5) Adrienne Kennedy  艾德里安娜.肯尼迪
2 native American playwrights 印地安人剧作家
 Hanay Geiogamah 哈奈.吉奥加玛
3 Asian-American playwrights 亚裔美国剧作家
(1) Laurence Yep 劳伦斯.叶
(2) David Henry Hwang 大卫.亨利.黄
4 Chicano playwrights 墨西哥裔美国剧作家
(1) Luis Valdez 路易斯.瓦尔德兹
(2) Sanchez-Scott  桑彻斯-司各特
(3) Lynne Valverez 林尼.阿尔沃里兹
III Postwar American poetry
(Modernism & New Criticism)
Poetry of Postmodernism 后现代主义诗歌
a Charles Olson  查理斯.奥尔森
Projective Verse  (1950)  <投射体诗>
b Allen Ginsberg 艾伦.金斯堡
Howl  (1956)  <嚎叫>
c Robert Lowell 罗伯特.洛威尔
Life Studies (1959)  <生活研究>
1 Poets of the Academy School学院派诗人
(1) Robert Penn Warren  罗伯特.潘恩.华伦
(2) Stanley Kunitz  斯坦利.库尼茨
(3) Richard Eberhart 理查德.埃伯哈特
(4) Delmore Schwartz  德尔莫尔.施瓦茨
(5) Theodore roetheke 西奥多.罗斯基
(6) Randall Jarrell 兰达尔.贾雷尔
(7) John Berryman  约翰.贝里曼
(8) Elizabeth Bishop 伊丽莎白.毕肖普
(9) Richard Wilbur  理查德.威尔伯
(10) Karl Shapiro  卡尔.夏皮罗
(11) Howard Nemerov  霍华德.奈默洛夫
(12) Robert Lowell 罗伯特.洛威尔
2 The Confessional School 自白体诗
(1) Theodore Roetheke  西奥多.罗斯基
(2) Delmore Schwartz  德尔莫尔.施瓦茨
(3) Stanley Kunitz  斯坦利.库尼茨
(4) John Berryman  约翰.贝里曼
(5) W. D. Snodgrass 斯诺格拉斯
(6) Allen Ginsberg 艾伦.金斯堡
(7) Robert Lowell 罗伯特.洛威尔
Life Studies (1959)  <生活研究>
For the Union Dead  <献给为联邦阵亡的将士>
(8) Sylvia Plath  西尔维娅.普拉斯
The Bell Jar  <钟形坛>
Daddy  (1963) <爸爸>
Lady Lazarus  (1963)  <拉撒路女士>
(9) Anne Sexton 安妮.塞克斯顿
3 Poets of the Beat Generation
(1) Allen Ginsberg 艾伦.金斯堡
Howl  (1956)  <嚎叫>
→the San Francisco Renaissance  旧金山诗歌复兴
(2) Kenneth Rexroth  肯尼斯.雷克斯罗斯
(3) Gary Snyder  加利.斯奈德
August on Sourdough: A Visit from Dick Brewer
<八月在苏尔都山上>
Mid-August at the Sourdough Mountain Lookout
<八月中旬在苏尔都山上瞭望点>
Riprap  <卵石路>
(4) Philip Whalen  菲利普.韦伦
(5) Philip Lamantia  菲利普.拉曼提亚
4 The Black Mountain Poets 黑山派诗人
Black Mountain College  黑山学院
Black Mountain Review  <黑山评论>
(1) Charles Olson  查理斯.奥尔森
Projective Verse  (1950)  <投射体诗> ---manifesto
The Maximus Poems  (1960)  <麦克西姆斯诗集>
(2) Robert Duncan 罗伯特.邓肯
Roots and Branches  <根与枝>
A Poem Beginning with a Line by Pindar  <以品达诗行开始的诗>
(3) Robert Creeley罗伯特.克里利
The Riddle  <谜>
Ballad of the Despairing Husband  <绝望丈夫之歌>
I Know a Man  <我认识一个人>
Oh No <嗯不啦>
(6) Denise Levertov  丹尼斯.莱弗托夫
The Ache of Marriage  <婚姻之痛>
Abel’s Bride  <艾贝尔的新娘>
Leaving Forever  <永远离开>
5 Poets of the New York School 纽约派诗人
(1) Frank O’Hara 弗兰克.奥哈拉
The Lunch Poems  <午餐诗集>
Why I Am Not a Painter  <我为何不是画家>
The Day Lady Died  <白日妇人去世之日>
(2) Kenneth Koch  肯尼斯.科克
(3) John Ashbery  约翰.阿什贝里
Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror  <凸镜里的自画像>
6 Poetry with surrealistic trend 超现实主义倾向诗歌
(1) W. S. Merwin  摩温
(2) Robert Bly 罗伯特布莱
(3) John Ashbery  约翰.阿什贝里
7 Poets with individual features
(1) Elizabeth Bishop 伊丽莎白.毕肖普
The Fish  <鱼>
Filling Station  <加油站>
Over 2000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance  <两千多幅图解>
One Art  <一种艺术>
Sestina  <六行诗>
(2) Richard Wilbur  理查德.威尔伯
Love Calls Us to Things of This World  <爱呼唤我们重视此生>
Marginalia  <边缘>
Epistemology  <认识论>
The Writer  <作家>
A Hole in the Floor  <地板上的洞>
The Juggler   <戏法师>
(3) John Berryman  约翰.贝里曼
Dream Songs  <梦之歌>
(4) Randall Jarrell 兰达尔.贾雷尔
The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner  <枪手之死>
The Lost World  <失去的世界>
(5) James Merrill  詹姆斯.梅里尔
Meditative Poetry  沉思型诗(人)
Changing Light at Sandover  三部曲诗集<桑多弗的波光>:
The Book of Ephraim  <伊夫雷姆书>
Mirabell  <米拉贝尔>
Scripts for the Pageant  <神谕录>
The Higher Keys <高调>  (收尾)
(6) Louis Simpson 路易斯.辛普森
(7) James Dickey 詹姆斯.迪基
(8) A. R. Ammons 安蒙斯
IV Multiethnic Literature
1 African American writers / Black writers
[Margaret Michelle  (1900—1949)  玛格丽特.米歇尔
Gone With the Wind  (1926—1935) <飘>or<乱世佳人>
After all, tomorrow is another day!
a early period: oral legend, songs, ballads, spirituals, etc.
b Black poets in 18th century:
(1) Jupiter Hammon  (1720—1800)  哈蒙
(2) Phyllis Wheatley  (1753—1794)  惠特利
(3) Paul Laurence Dunbar  (1872—1906)  邓巴
(4) James Weldon Johnson  (1871—1938)  约翰逊
c Black novelists in the 19th century:
Williams Wells Brown  (1816—1864)  布朗
Clotel; <克洛苔>
/ The President’s Daughter, A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States
Harriet Wilson  威尔逊
Our Nig / Sketches from the Life of a Free Black  (1859) 
<我们的尼格>
Frederick Douglass (1819—1895) 道格拉斯
My Bondage and My Freedom  <我的枷锁及我的自由>→
The Life and Times of Frederick <弗雷德里克.道格拉斯的生平及时代>
Booker T. Washington (1856—1915) 华盛顿
William E. B. DuBois (1868—1963) 杜波依斯
The Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches  (1903) <黑人的灵魂>
d Harlem Renaissance:
(1) Langston Hughes  休斯
(2) Claude McKay  麦凯
(3) Jean Toomer 图默
Cane <甘蔗>
(4) Countee Cullen 卡伦
Shroud of Color  <色罩>
Yet Do I Marvel  <然而我却感到惊讶>
(5) Zora Neale Hurston 赫斯顿
Their Eyes Were Watching God  (1937)  <他们的眼睛在望着上帝>
(6) Richard Wright
e 1960s
(1) Ishmael Reed 伊什梅尔.里德
Yellow-Back Radio Broke Down  <黄色背面的收音机出了故障>
Oliver Killens
(2) William Melvin Kelley 威廉.梅尔文.凯利
Dem  <民主主义者>
Dunfords Travels Everywhere  <邓福兹到处旅行>
(3) John A. Williams  约翰 A. 威廉斯
The Man Who Cried I Am  <叫喊我存在的人>
f 1970s
Alex Haley 亚利克斯.哈利
Roots  <根>
g outstanding novelists
(1) Ralph Ellison  (1914—1994)  拉尔夫.艾里森
“self-identity”
Invisible Man  <看不见的人>
(2) James Baldwin  (1924—1987) 詹姆斯.鲍德温
Go Tell It on the Mountain  <向苍天呼吁>
Nobody Knows My Name 《没有人知道我的名字》
The Fire Next Time 《下一次将是烈火》
(3) Toni Morrison  (1931--    )  托尼.莫瑞森 (female)
female
won the Nobel Prize in 1993
The Bluest Eye  (1970)  <最蓝的眼睛>  (Pulitzer Prize of 1988)
Song of Solomon  (1977)  <所罗门之歌>
Beloved  (1987)  <爱娃>
Alice Walker 艾丽斯.沃克 (female)
The Color Purple  <紫色>
(4) Martin Luther King  (1929—1968) 马丁.路德.金
I Have a Dream 《我有一个梦想》
2 Native American writers
a oral legend
b written language
(1) Samson Occom 奥卡姆
Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul, an Indian (1772)
<处决印第安人摩西.保罗时的布道词>
c autobiography
The Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Black Hawk (1893)
<黑鹰传>
Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer  (1931)  <木腿>
Black Elm Speaks  (1932) <黑榆树如此说>
d novel
Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta  (1854) –first novel
<乔昆.穆里叶塔的生平及历险记>
e early-20th century:
John Milton Oskinson奥斯基森
f 1930s
(1) John Joseph Matthews 马修斯
Sundown  (1934) <日落>
D’Arcy McNickle 麦克尼科尔
(2) The Surrounded  (1936) <被包围者>
g 1960s
(1) Scott Momaday (1934--    ) 斯科特.莫玛戴
The Names <名字>
House Made of Dawn <晨曦之屋> (Pulitzer Prize)
(2) Leslie Marmon Silko (1948--    ) 西尔科
female
Ceremony  <仪式>
The Storyteller  <说书人>
(3) Louise Erdrich (1954--    ) 埃德里奇
Love Medicine  <爱之药>
(4) James Welch 韦尔奇
Fools Crow <骗乌鸦族的人>
(5) Gerald Visenor 韦赞诺
Michael Dorris 多里斯
Paula Gunn Allen 艾伦
Susan Power 鲍尔
Sherman Alexie  亚力克希
Linda Hogans 霍根斯
W. S. Penn 潘恩
Gordon Henry 亨利
Louis Owens  欧文斯
3 Asian American writers
[Pearl Buck (1892—1973)赛珍珠---The Good Earth  (1931) <大地>]
Asian American Authors  (1972) <亚裔美国作家选>
Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Asian American Writers  (1974)
<哎咿咿!亚裔美国作家选集>
Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context  (1982)  <亚裔美国文学:作品及其社会背景介绍>
Asian American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology  (1996)
<亚裔美国文学:简介与文选>
(1) Maxine Hong Kingston (1940--    ) 汤亭亭
The Woman Warrior  (1976)   <女勇士>
/ The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Childhood among Ghosts
China Men  (1980)  <中国人>
(2) Amy Tan (1952--    )  谭爱美
The Joy Luck Club  (1989)  <欣幸俱乐部>
(3) Bharrati Mukherjee (1940--    ) 穆赫吉
Southern-Asian American
The Tiger’s Daughter (1972) <老虎的女儿>
Wife (1975) <妻子>
Jasmine (1989) <茉莉花>
The Holder of the World (1993) <把握世界的人>
(4) Garret Hongo (1951--    ) 鸿构
Japanese-American poet
(5) Monica Sone 索恩
(6) James D. Houston 休斯顿
Toshio Mori莫利
Diana Chang 戴安娜.张
Henry Hwang 亨利.黄
4 Chicano writers 
(1) novelists
Antonio Villarreal 维拉里尔
Raymond Barrio 巴里奥
Richard Vasquez 瓦斯奎兹
Tomas Rivera 里夫拉
And the Earth Did Not Part  <而大地未离开>
Rudolfo Anaya阿纳亚
Rolando Hinojosa希诺胡萨
Miguel Mandez曼德兹
John Rechy里奇
Oscar Zet Acosta阿考斯塔
Amado Muro穆洛
Eusebio Chacon沙肯
Gary Soto索图
Ana Castillo 卡斯蒂罗
poets
Luis Omar Salinas 萨林纳斯
Aztec Angel <阿兹泰克天使>
Richard Garcia 加西亚
Abelardo Delgado 戴勒加多
Miguel Ponce 庞斯
Jose Montaya 蒙大亚
Richard Anchez 安奇兹
Lorna Dee Cervantes 塞万提斯
Sandra Cisneros 西斯奈罗斯
Alurista 阿路里斯塔